Collaborative Writing Tools: Boost Your Team’s Efficiency

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Writing isn’t just something done in isolation anymore. Whether it’s students working on assignments, businesses preparing reports, or creative teams planning a blog or book, writing has become a shared activity. This shift has created a big demand for collaborative writing tools that let people edit, comment, and share documents at the same time. Instead of juggling endless email threads or mismatched drafts, these tools make it possible to collaborate smoothly and track every change.

In this expanded guide, I’ll walk you through what collaborative writing is, the most widely used tools available today, the benefits and challenges, as well as tips on how to get the most out of them. Along the way, we’ll look at comparisons between popular tools like Google Docs, Microsoft Word, Notion, Obsidian, and others, so you can decide which works best for your writing projects.

Key Takeaways

  1. Writing has shifted from being a solo activity to a shared process, and collaborative writing tools make this possible by letting people edit, comment, and revise documents together without juggling multiple drafts.
  2. Research shows that collaborative writing improves text quality and learning outcomes, which explains why tools like google docs and microsoft word with microsoft 365 have become reliable options for both students and professionals.
  3. Different collaborative writing apps serve unique purposes: google docs and microsoft word focus on real-time editing and strong formatting, notion and obsidian combine knowledge management with writing, while trello, asana, and slack support workflow, task management, and communication.
  4. The main advantages of these tools are saving time, simplifying collaboration, and boosting productivity, while the challenges—such as conflicting edits, communication gaps, and notification overload—can be reduced through clear rules, organized folders, and good communication practices.
  5. Best practices for successful collaborative writing include agreeing on templates and formats, keeping documents in shared folders with version history, taking clear meeting notes, staying organized with project management tools, using built-in chat for quick feedback, and applying AI features to support editing and revision.

What Is Collaborative Writing?

Collaborative writing means more than just dividing tasks among people. It’s a process where two or more collaborators actively write, revise, and provide feedback on the same document. This can take many forms, including co-authoring, editing, brainstorming, or revising drafts together.

Here are a few common examples:

  • Students preparing a group research paper in a Google Doc.
  • Business teams using Microsoft Word through Microsoft 365 to finalize a company report.
  • Writers working together on a blog draft, each leaving comments or editing in real-time.
  • Developers and researchers use GitHub to maintain accurate documentation with version control.

Academic research has shown the measurable benefits of writing together. A meta-analysis of collaborative writing found that texts written by groups were not only more accurate but also scored higher on writing quality rubrics compared to those written individually. In addition, a classroom study demonstrated that Google Docs supported collaborative writing and positively influenced student learning outcomes. These findings reinforce the value of using collaboration tools in both academic and professional settings.

The Best Writing Apps and Collaborative Writing Tools

best collaborative writing tools

Collaborative writing tools are software platforms that allow multiple people to work on the same document in real-time or asynchronously. They’re designed with collaboration capabilities such as version history, feedback options, built-in chat, and notification settings to simplify the writing process.

We’ll now go through some of the best collaborative writing tools in detail, each offering unique features to support different needs.

1. Google Docs and Google Workspace

Google Docs is one of the most popular online collaborative writing tools available. It allows multiple users to edit documents in real-time while tracking every change in the revision history. Writers can leave comments, suggest edits, and restore a previous version whenever needed.

Integrated into Google Workspace, it connects seamlessly with apps like Google Meet, Gmail, and Google Drive. This makes it easy to share files, organize folders, and collaborate across teams. For example, if you’re working on meeting notes, you can jump onto a quick videotelephony call with your team while reviewing the same document.

The effectiveness of Google Docs has also been confirmed by research. One study in higher education showed that Google Docs for scientific writing improved student outcomes and collaboration experiences, while another linked collaboration patterns in Google Docs with higher text quality. These results show why it remains one of the best writing apps for both classrooms and professional teams.

Key features include:

  • Real-time collaborative writing with visible cursors
  • Easy organization through Google Drive folders
  • Built-in chat for quick discussions
  • Notification settings for comments and edits
  • Templates to simplify different types of writing projects

Because of its intuitive interface and flexibility, Google Docs is one of the best writing apps for both beginners and professionals. It’s especially useful when you need a distraction-free interface combined with strong collaboration capabilities.

2. Microsoft Word and Microsoft 365

Microsoft Word has long been a trusted word processing tool, and its integration with Microsoft 365 has made it a strong competitor to Google Docs. Now, it allows real-time collaboration, meaning you and your collaborators can edit documents simultaneously, view revision history, and co-author projects without email back-and-forth.

What sets Microsoft Word apart is its advanced formatting and desktop publishing features. If you’re working on a complex document that needs detailed structure, templates, or formatting, this tool excels. It also integrates tightly with Microsoft Office apps like Outlook and Excel, creating a full workspace for managing writing and editing tasks.

Advantages of Microsoft Word with Microsoft 365 include:

  • Familiar interface with advanced formatting tools
  • Strong version control and revision history
  • Wide range of templates for reports, letters, and essays
  • Integration with Microsoft Office ecosystem
  • Mobile app support for editing on the go

For projects requiring a professional finish, like reports or publications, Microsoft Word remains one of the best collaborative writing tools available.

3. Notion and Obsidian

Notion and Obsidian are versatile writing apps that work well for knowledge base management and collaborative writing projects.

  • Notion: Known for its intuitive interface, markdown support, and flexible templates, Notion is a favorite for teams who want a single workspace for writing, task management, and project planning. It’s excellent for writing projects that require linking notes, brainstorming ideas, or managing workflow alongside writing.
  • Obsidian: Unlike Notion, Obsidian focuses on personal knowledge management. It uses a map-like approach to link notes, making it useful for writers who want to see how ideas connect. With its distraction-free interface and markdown support, Obsidian is a good collaborative writing app for both individuals and teams.

Both tools go beyond writing and editing; they provide strong collaboration capabilities, meeting notes management, and integration with project management tasks.

4. Trello and Asana, Inc.

While Trello and Asana aren’t traditional writing apps, they play an essential role in organizing workflow for writing projects.

  • Trello: Uses a board and card system where each card can represent a draft, revision, or final version of a document. This makes it easy to visualize the writing process and track progress.
  • Asana: Known as a task management and project management tool, Asana allows teams to assign tasks, set deadlines, and receive notifications when edits are completed.

These tools are particularly helpful when working on complex writing projects with many collaborators, whether you’re drafting a novel or preparing technical documents in Adobe Framemaker, Trello, and Asana help teams stay organized and on track.

5. Slack and Online Chat Tools

Slack is more of a communication tool than a direct writing app, but it plays a crucial role in supporting collaborative writing. By offering group chats, online chat, and videotelephony, it reduces the need for endless emails and helps teams stay connected during writing projects.

Benefits of Slack include:

  • Integration with tools like Google Docs, Notion, and Trello
  • Group chats and built-in chat for providing feedback
  • Notification settings that can be customized to reduce distractions
  • Support for rich media and file sharing

When used alongside other writing tools, Slack becomes an indispensable tool for keeping communication open and improving collaboration capabilities.

6. Etherpad and Other Collaborative Real-Time Editors

Etherpad is a lightweight, open-source collaborative real-time editor. While it doesn’t have the advanced features of Google Docs or Microsoft Word, it’s perfect for quick drafts, brainstorming, or team exercises.

Features include:

  • Support for OpenDocument and PDF export
  • Real-time collaboration with visible cursors
  • Simple interface that reduces distractions

Etherpad is often used for teaching environments or quick writing projects where simplicity matters more than advanced formatting. It’s one of those tools that reminds us sometimes less is more.

7. GitHub and Version Control Tools

GitHub isn’t just for developers; it’s also a valuable collaborative writing tool when version control is important. For technical writing, research documents, or any project involving constant revisions, GitHub allows you to track changes, restore previous versions, and collaborate through plug-ins and support tools.

Writers working on software documentation or research benefit from GitHub because of its strong revision history and collaboration capabilities. By combining it with writing apps, drafts can be reviewed systematically, ensuring nothing is lost during the writing process.

8. Adobe FrameMaker and Desktop Publishing Tools

Adobe Framemaker remains a go-to option for professional writers in industries like engineering or publishing. It combines desktop publishing with advanced formatting, templates, and rich media integration, making it ideal for long, complex documents.

While it may not be the simplest collaborative writing app, its features make it an indispensable tool for professional teams. For example, manuals, technical guides, and research documents often rely on Framemaker because of its ability to handle large-scale formatting while supporting collaboration.

Why Collaborative Writing Tools Are Important

The importance of online collaborative writing tools lies in their ability to save time, simplify the writing process, and boost productivity. They allow collaborators to provide feedback, edit documents in real-time, and access the same single document without confusion.

For businesses, students, and writers, these tools make writing projects smoother and reduce errors caused by multiple draft versions. They also enhance communication through built-in chat, online chat, or videotelephony, ensuring everyone stays on track and focused on the workflow.

Key Features to Look For in a Collaborative Writing Tool

When deciding on the best collaborative writing tools for your team, pay attention to:

  • Real-time collaborative writing features
  • Strong version history and revision control
  • A distraction-free interface for focus
  • Built-in chat or communication support
  • Clear notification settings to manage edits
  • Templates and folder organization
  • Integration with project management tools like Trello or Asana
  • Sharing options to make collaboration smooth

These essential features ensure that writing projects stay organized and every collaborator knows exactly what’s happening.

Benefits of Using Online Collaborative Writing Tools

The main benefits include:

  • Simplifying the writing process and saving time
  • Supporting real-time collaboration and editing
  • Improving communication with group chats or videotelephony
  • Allowing feedback to be shared instantly
  • Helping teams stay organized with workflow and task management tools
  • Offering distraction-free writing apps with flexible templates

For writers who want more resources to improve, exploring How to Write a Novel or How to Structure an Essay can also complement the use of collaborative tools by building stronger writing foundations.

Challenges of Collaborative Writing

Despite the many benefits, challenges exist:

  • Conflicting revisions when two collaborators edit the same part
  • Communication gaps without a clear collaboration tool
  • Too many notifications are causing distraction
  • Difficulty managing workflow in large teams

These challenges can be minimized by setting clear rules, using project management tools, and keeping all documents in organized folders. Effective communication also matters; teams that apply the qualities of a good communicator tend to avoid these issues.

Best Practices for Successful Collaborative Writing

Here are a few tips to make the most out of collaborative tools:

  • Agree on templates and formats before starting
  • Use shared folders and version history to avoid losing work
  • Take clear meeting notes and create a table of contents for large projects
  • Rely on project management tools like Trello to stay organized
  • Use built-in chat or Slack for real-time communication
  • Consider using AI features in writing apps to simplify editing and revision tasks

Writers interested in sharpening their skills can also check out resources like How to Write a Précis or How to Write a Character Analysis Essay to build more confidence when writing collaboratively.

Conclusion

Collaborative writing tools have transformed the way people approach writing. From Google Docs to Adobe FrameMaker, from simple editors like Etherpad to complex management tools like Trello, these platforms make writing projects easier, faster, and more collaborative. By choosing tools with strong collaboration capabilities, intuitive interfaces, and essential features, teams can stay organized, save time, and produce better results. Whether you’re working on a blog, a novel, or technical documentation, these tools provide the structure and support you need to collaborate effectively.

Collaborative Writing Tools FAQs

1. What are the best collaborative writing tools for beginners?
Google Docs and Microsoft Word in Microsoft 365 are beginner-friendly options because they have familiar interfaces and strong real-time collaborative writing features.

2. Can I use collaborative writing tools for personal writing projects like a blog?
Yes. Tools like Notion, Obsidian, and Google Docs are ideal for blog writing, personal journals, and online writing projects.

3. How does real-time collaboration help when working on a project?
It allows every collaborator to edit and provide feedback instantly, cutting down on delays and improving workflow efficiency.

4. What should I consider before choosing a collaborative writing app?
You should look at version control, revision history, communication features, and whether the tool integrates with your existing workspace.



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Marketing Metrics In Business

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A metric is a system of measurement that quantifies a trend, characteristic or dynamic. Marketing metrics refers to statistical procedures that companies use to review their effectiveness of their institutional marketing and advertising determinations. The metrics vary depending on the type and size of the campaigns a company uses in marketing and the goals of the company in a categorized market campaign (Mcdonald 2007). In relation to financial information, marketing metrics emphases on; return investment of marketing campaigns, through a comparison of the costs of metrics and the return in business. However, other metrics focuses on how smart marketing campaign will create the company awareness and its brand, the number of new customers attracted and the number of old customers retained. Indeed, companies spend valuable amount of time making marketing budgets since they concede that the business can only if the potential customers are aware of its existence and the products and services they offer in the market.

Meanwhile, considerable financial and time resources are spent on the marketing campaigns, inefficiencies in the highlighted efforts can eventually cripple to the company’s fortunes. For this reason, the companies have to formulate standards to assist them judge the effectiveness of the strategies used in marketing. Globally, the companies use marketing metrics tools to accomplish their product and service awareness tasks (Olibe 2007). Similarly, most marketing metrics is formulated for a definite objective in relation to a specific awareness campaign. For instance, a car company may desire an increase in 20% sales on a specific brand and conducts a fresh marketing and advertising campaign to realize the desired results. At the end of the allocated campaign period, the company can finally look at the costs versus sales figures to determine if they reached the targeted goal.

Contrastingly, a marketing metrics financial approach focuses on return on investment of a given marketing campaign. Return on investment is calculated by subtracting the total cost of implementation from total revenue generated from a specific campaign. The resultant figure is then expressed as a percentage of campaign cost by division. For instance, a marketing initiative that produces a net of $ 100 US Dollars of revenue after an implementation cost of $1, 000 USD, would result into a return on investment of 10%. Other marketing metrics devices are used to study the marketing strategy effectiveness. However, the metrics may be specific to the campaign used. For instance, an email blast that uses the response from the customers may be evaluated by the response of the customers received. Such metrics focus on the company’s consumer base both in terms of the old customers retained and the new customers attracted.

Commonly used marketing metrics

Return on Market Investment (ROMI)

It assists marketers to measure activities and their performance across the mix of marketing. Return on market investment measures the degree to which the spending in the market finally becomes profitable for the business.

How Return on Market Investment Works

Return on market investment refers to marketing contribution attributable to marketing divided by marketing invested. The process is based on calculations:

[Incremental Revenue Attributable to Marketing × Contribution Margin (%) –

Marketing Spending]/Marketing Spending ($)

There are two major forms of ROMI metric: long-term ROMI and short term ROMI.

Short Term ROMI- measures revenue such as contribution margin and market share for every dollar spent on marketing. It gets best applied for the determination of steer investments and marketing effectiveness from less profitable to more profitable activities (Refenes 1995).

    Long- term ROMI– used to determine less tangible marketing aspects effectiveness. For example, consumer motives and increased brand awareness. However, long-term ROMI creates brand challenges for the products that are unfamiliar with the use of analytical marketing and analytical business used to determine the decisions on the allocation of resources. Despite the challenge, it can be sophisticated procedure for measuring of investment priority and market allocation within the established networks.

According to this analysis, this numerical marketing metric tool looks at the total cost of marketing, costs spent on salaries of the marketing team, overhead and other programs. When the resultant figure is related to the cost of customer acquisition, the figures are always taken care of the costs. Despite the advantages of using ROMI, its overreliance can make the company have an illusion that other marketing metrics is less valuable (Malhotra 2005). However, other metrics can as well show and reveal how the information from the market works and feed the business with the necessary information.

Customer Acquisition Cost (CAC)

This refers to the total marketing and sales cost, it is determined by adding up all the advertising or product spent, plus commissions and bonuses, plus salaries, plus overhead in a given period. The resultant figure is further divided by the number of newly recruited customers in the same period indicated (Refenes 1995). The period could be a year, a month or quarterly. For instance, if a company spends $ 300, 000 on marketing and sales in one month and recruited 30 customers in the same period, the company’s customer acquisition cost is $ 10, 000. However, the procedure is extremely dependent on the industry and price point. This may make some industries that are shy of taking great business risks backing off from this marketing metric tool.

Ratio of Customer Lifetime Value to CAC (LTV:CAC)

According to Malhotra (2005), this tool is used to compare the cost spent to acquire the new customers. The tool is suitable for companies that have recurrent revenue streaming from the customers or for customers who make repeated purchase of the products. LTV is computed by subtracting the gross margin from the amount the customers pays in a period and finally divide by churn % (Cancellation rate) for the very customer. However, for a customer who pays $100,000 annually, with the gross margin of revenue 70%, and that the customer is the type that will cancel at 16% annually, then the LTV is $437,500.

Now, after calculating the LTV and the CAC, the following procedure is to compute for the two by finding the ratio LTV: CAC. For instance, It costs $ 100, 000 to acquire a customer, and that the LTV is $ 437, 500, and then LTV: CAC will be 4.4:1. Most marketing technicians admit that the ratio should be higher than 3× asserts (Malhotra 2005); however, a higher ratio means the company’s marketing and sales have a higher return on investment. Though, higher ratio is not better because when the ratio is extremely high, the company might be tempted to spend more money on marketing and sales for faster growth. This may be because, the company is reinstating its growth by under spending thus may lose the competitive edge. For this reason, most companies use the LTV- CAC ratio to assess the revenue per customer, employee and growth in market share. It also helps the company identify the areas of financial waste that has no value to the customer.

Time To Pay Back CAC

This refers to the number of months or years a company may take to earn back the Customer acquisition cost spent to recruit new customers. It is calculated by dividing the Customer acquisition cost by margin adjusted revenue per a given period for the newly added customer. The resultant number will be the amount of time taken to pay back. For industries where the customers may pay single upfront time, this metric may be irrelevant since the upfront should be greater than the Customer acquisition cost. Rather, the company may be losing financial resources on the customer. Contrastingly, in case the customer pays annual or monthly fees, the payback time should be strictly twelve months. This means that the company is becoming profitable on the newly singed customer just by the first year, and finally the company starts making money.

In this marketing metric, below six months it may mean that the company is under investing in marketing and sales. From 9- 18 months sales and marketing are at reasonable point and over 18 months there is a problem with sales and marketing of the company. The companies usually limit the use of time to pay back due to its inconsistency.

Marketing Originated Customer

This is a metric ratio that shows the percentage of the business driven purely by marketing. To compute for this ratio, use the newly signed customers in a given period and evaluate the percentage of the customers that started with the marketing generated lead. It is a simple procedure to adopt if the company has a closed loop marketing system of analysis.

The advantage of this metric method is that is shows directly the proportion of the overall customer acquired that originated from the marketing procedures. Additionally, the metric marketing is often higher than the sales (Olibe 2007). The percentage, however, may vary from one company to the other. For companies that possess a sales team assisted by the company’s inside sales and with cold callers, the percentage might be small, for instance, 20- 40 %; however, for a company using inside sales team and supported by lead generation resulting from marketing, the percentage might be approximately 40% – 80 %. Finally, for a company with human fewer sales, the percentage might be 70% – 95%. In addition, the percentage can also be computed using revenue depending on how the company prefers to view the business.

Marketing Influenced Customer %

The metric procedure is almost similar to marketing Originated Customer %. However, it slightly differs because it adds the newly signed customers where marketing nurtured and touched the lead at a given point during the process of sales. For example, if a sales individual found a lead that attended the marketing and advertising event and then finally closed, it is deduced that the new customer was influenced by the process of the marketing. The resultant percentage should be higher; then the originated percentage. In the recent past, the companies have adopted this marketing metric due to its power of persuasion of the customers.

The marketers have realized the value of commercial influence of the customers. For example, seeing famous person using a particular product could translate to millions of sales. Companies have turned to this procedure because it assists the customers benefit from their interests, passions and hence influence the customers. According to Ambler (2000), Marketing Influenced will become essential marketing tool where trust exists at the epicenter of the market.

Learning I Gained and Contribution to Marketing Metrics Assignment.

I found this assignment motivating and informative and my skills and knowledge have gone up after attending to this assignment. My marketing knowledge has momentously expanded as a result of doing this assignment to incorporate the marketing metrics global approach. For example I realized that, marketing metrics has varied elements of measurement, including net sale billed number of design or product registrations and brand surveys to the awareness of the brand measure. Furthermore, I noted the companies apply monitoring and analyzing the performance of marketing matrix to increase their competitive edge and intelligence, assess their market strengths and weaknesses and assist in the calculation of the marketing budgets.

Return on marketing investment and marketing return investment are of, my view, the best marketing metrics tools for most companies to allocate investments in the market. This is because the companies can conduct analysis of communication and discovery of useful data patterns, which may be dependent on simultaneous statistics application, operation’s research to, purposefully, qualify performance and programming of the computer. These marketing metrics highly contribute to the margin of analysis of cost volume profits. This is a form of management accounting and the marginal profit per sale of one unit.

To sum up, I updated my marketing knowledge in the application of marketing metrics for the purpose of international and local marketing and the value of signing a single customer in the business. The marketing metrics assignment has extendedly sharpened my knowledge of strategic choice of a particular marketing tool depending on the goals of the company. Finally, I can assert that my confidence level has increased, along my marketing skills and knowledge as a result of engaging in this assignment. Since only self-confident managers communicate the vision of their company’s future (Seggie 2007), I believe that my level of confidence will assist me develop my career as until I rise to executive level.

References

AMBLER, T. (2000). Marketing Metrics. Business Strategy Review. 11, 59-66.

KROPIVNIK, S., & KEJŽAR, N. (2011). Exploratory network analysis as an add-on to internet metrics: joining reach figures with positions’ characteristics. Collaboration Networks and Knowledge Diffusion.

MALHOTRA, N. K. (2005). Review of marketing research. Volume 1 Volume 1. Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=199803.

MCDONALD, M. (2007). Marketing metrics. Journal of Marketing. Jun / Jul, 32-35.

OLIBE, K. O., & REZAEE, Z. (2007). The effect of volume of intrafirm transfers on market metrics. Advances in International Accounting : a Research Annual. 20, 1.

REFENES, A.-P. N. (1995). Testing strategies and metrics. Neural Networks in the Capital Markets / Edited by Apostolos-Paul Refenes.

ROSENKRANS, G. (2007). Online Advertising Metrics.

SEGGIE, S., CAVUSGIL, E., & PHELAN, S. (2007). Measurement of return on marketing investment: A conceptual framework and the future of marketing metrics. Industrial Marketing Management. 36, 834-841.



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qualities of a good communicator

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The post qualities of a good communicator appeared first on Essay Freelance Writers.



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Into The Wild Essay Topics

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Choosing the right idea is often the hardest step when you need to write an essay on a book. Many students search for good Into the Wild Essay topics but struggle to find ones that are focused and useful.

This article brings together a wide range of topic ideas to help you explore themes, characters, and lessons from Jon Krakauer’s story. Whether you want to look at American values, freedom, or the life of Chris McCandless, the list will give you clear

starting points. With these topics, it becomes easier to write an essay that is meaningful, well-structured, and connected to the key ideas in the book and film.

No key points have been set for this post.

Best Into the Wild Topic Ideas & Essay Examples

  1. Alaska as the ultimate test of human survival in Into the Wild
  2. Barnes & Noble culture and how book sales shaped public perception of Jon Krakauer’s narrative
  3. Bus 142 as a literary and symbolic landmark in the journey Into the Wild
  4. Chris McCandless and the complexity of modern individualism in a consumer-driven age
  5. Evaluation of narrative reliability in wild by Jon Krakauer
  6. Evidence from the text proving transcendentalist ideals in the novel Into the Wild
  7. experience of solitude and how it transforms Christopher McCandless’s character arc
  8. Fear as a motivating or paralyzing force in the life and death of Christopher
  9. idealism versus realism in the captivating story of Christopher McCandless
  10. information networks and privacy issues surrounding McCandless’s journey into the Alaskan wilderness
  11. Into the Wild as a reflection of the meaning of life in contemporary literature
  12. Jon Krakauer’s narrative techniques and their impact on reader sympathy
  13. Literature traditions that influenced the portrait of Christopher McCandless
  14. Materialism rejected in the journey from the East Coast into the Alaskan wilderness
  15. money, sacrifice, and purpose and need in McCandless’s journey

Interesting Into the Wild Essay Topics

  1. motivation behind Christopher McCandless’s decision to live in the wild
  2. Novel Into the Wild as a cultural critique of the United States  society
  3. The protagonist struggles, and Chris’s choices define his legacy.
  4. Quest for truth and ultimate freedom in McCandless’s journey
  5. Reason and emotion in Krakauer’s analysis of Into the Wild
  6. Research approaches for a critical analysis of Jon Krakauer’s work.
  7. Society’s perception of the life and death of Christopher McCandless
  8. Sympathy for Christopher McCandless’s family at the end of his life
  9. Transcendentalism as a driving philosophy in Chris McCandless’s choices
  10. Truth in Krakauer’s storytelling versus mythmaking about McCandless
  11. Understanding devices in Into the Wild as tools for deeper insight
  12. United States media response to the death of Christopher McCandless
  13. Wilderness is. both a sanctuary and a threat in the story of Christopher McCandless
  14. McCandless’s confrontation with fear and the purpose and need behind it
  15. Jon Krakauer’s narrative stance and why Krakauer believes that McCandless was misunderstood

Into the Wild Essay Questions

  1. McCandless’s life and death: what meaning of life did he seek?
  2. Christopher McCandless’s pursuit of ultimate freedom or reckless idealism?
  3. Novel structure and how the captivating story unfolds in the wild follow
  4. Wild study guide as a tool for the evaluation of Christopher McCandless’s journey
  5. Alaskan Identity and the Alaskan Wilderness as a backdrop for the novel
  6. Summary of Jon Krakauer’s purpose and need in writing Into the Wild.
  7. Materialism themes explored through the devices in Into the Wild.
  8. Literary devices and their effectiveness in illustrating Chris McCandless’s idealism
  9. Research paper focus on the death of Christopher McCandless in AlaskaThe 
  10. film Into the Wild compared with the book Into the Wild
  11. story of Christopher McCandless as both inspiring and tragic
  12. devices in Into the Wild that enhance sympathy for the protagonist
  13. john Krakauer narrative perspective versus Krakauer’s personal opinions
  14. wild study guide insights on the protagonist’s fear and motivation
  15. book Into the Wild’s reception across barnes & noble and academic literature

Into the Wild’ Materialism Essay Topics

  1. journey of Christopher McCandless as a rejection of materialism
  2. transcendentalism philosophy as an antidote to united states consumerism
  3. ultimate freedom contrasted with materialism in Chris McCandless’s life and death
  4. movie Into the Wild as a critique of money-driven society
  5. live in the wild lifestyle as rebellion against materialism
  6. death of Christopher McCandless as a symbolic end to materialist values
  7. analysis of Into the Wild through the lens of materialism and privacy
  8. life and death of Christopher McCandless as critique of excess money and comfort
  9. idealism in Christopher McCandless’s rejection of wealth and material security
  10. portrait of Christopher McCandless as anti-materialist protagonist
  11. journey into the alaskan wilderness as proof of renouncing materialism
  12. “Into the Wild as literature opposing materialist tendencies of modern society
  13. McCandless’s letters as evidence of materialism rejection
  14. Krakauer’s use of literary devices to highlight materialism critique
  15. research paper perspectives on materialism within wild by Jon Krakauer

Into the Wild’: Transcendentalism Essay Topics

  1. Christopher McCandless’s transcendentalism beliefs and their impact on his motivation
  2. Jon Krakauer’s depiction of transcendentalism in the novel Into the Wild
  3. Krakauer’s exploration of truth and transcendentalism in the captivating story
  4. Chris McCandless’s embodiment of transcendentalism ideals in the united states
  5. novel Into the Wild as transcendentalist literature and philosophical inquiry
  6. wild by Jon Krakauer as modern transcendentalism narrative
  7. alaskan wilderness as transcendentalism’s natural symbol of ultimate freedom
  8. transcendentalism as portrayed in film Into the Wild adaptation
  9. literary devices used to express transcendentalism in Jon Krakauer’s text
  10. transcendentalism themes from the wild study guide
  11. transcendentalism in the protagonist’s journey into the alaskan wilderness
  12. Christopher McCandless’s idealism as rooted in transcendentalism
  13. transcendentalism influence in the life and death of Christopher McCandless
  14. transcendentalism values expressed in Chris’s rejection of money
  15. transcendentalism arguments supported by evidence from the text

Into the Wild’ Persuasive Essay Topics

  1. embarked on a journey to alaska: admirable pursuit or reckless mistake?
  2. journey from the east coast to wilderness as a statement of purpose and need
  3. life and death of Christopher McCandless’s story proves that society misunderstood him
  4. captivating story of Chris McCandless persuades readers to question modern values
  5. end of his life as lesson about idealism and reality
  6. Krakauer believes that McCandless symbolizes ultimate freedom
  7. wild follows protagonist’s quest for truth against societal pressures
  8. purpose and need of abandoning money in the journey into the alaskan wilderness
  9. written by Jon Krakauer: persuasive storytelling or biased perspective?
  10. able to survive argument: did Christopher McCandless have enough information?
  11. meaning of life as explored through persuasive evaluation of McCandless’s choices
  12. Chris McCandless’s story as motivation for rejecting materialism
  13. wild study guide insights used to persuade readers of transcendentalist truths
  14. sympathy for the protagonist as persuasive device in analysis of Into the Wild
  15. ultimate freedom as persuasive theme in Christopher McCandless’s journey

Into the Wild’: Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

  1. Chris McCandless versus Christopher McCandless’s symbolic roles in the novel Into the Wild
  2. Jon Krakauer’s storytelling in book Into the Wild versus movie Into the Wild adaptation
  3. Christopher McCandless’s truth versus society’s perception in the united states
  4. alaskan wilderness journey compared with journey from the east coast
  5. McCandless’s idealism versus Krakauer’s evaluation of his motivation
  6. devices in Into the Wild versus literary devices in other american literature
  7. protagonist’s quest for ultimate freedom compared with other wilderness narratives
  8. Story of Christopher McCandless versus analysis of Into the Wild by critics
  9. Death of Christopher McCandless compared with end of his life in Krakauer’s perspective
  10. Christopher McCandless’s journey into the alaskan wilderness versus Chris’s family experience
  11. WThe ld by Jon Krakauer compared with other works written by Jon Krakauer
  12. privacy issues in Christopher McCandless’s journey versus modern united states society
  13. captivating story structure of Jon Krakauer’s narrative versus film adaptation techniques
  14. truth claims of Jon Krakauer’s account versus john Krakauer’s literary voice
  15. critical analysis of Christopher McCandless’s idealism versus evidence from the text

Essay Topics on American Values In Christopher McCandless’s Into the Wild

  1. Individualism as an American value reflected in the choices of Christopher McCandless.
  2. Rejection of materialism and consumer culture in American society through McCandless’s journey
  3. Self-reliance and the influence of Emersonian ideals on the protagonist
  4. The American dream redefined through McCandless’s pursuit of simplicity in the wilderness
  5. Patriotism versus disillusionment: McCandless’s critique of the United States
  6. American frontier mythology and its role in shaping McCandless’s quest for freedom
  7. The tension between privacy and public exposure in McCandless’s life story
  8. Family values versus individual autonomy in American culture through the McCandless narrative
  9. Hard work, sacrifice, and the distortion of traditional American values in Into the Wild
  10. Pursuit of truth as an American cultural theme in Jon Krakauer’s book
  11. Adventure and risk-taking as celebrated American traits in the life of McCandless
  12. Fear of conformity in American society as symbolized by McCandless’s choices
  13. The meaning of life interpreted through the lens of American countercultural values
  14. Sympathy and criticism in American society toward McCandless’s decisions
  15. The quest for ultimate freedom as an expression of American identity

Main Themes And Ideas In The Novel Into the Wild

  1. The pursuit of truth as a dominant theme in Jon Krakauer’s storytelling
  2. Wilderness as both sanctuary and danger in the protagonist’s journey
  3. Life and death as intertwined themes in Christopher McCandless’s narrative
  4. Motivation behind rejecting family ties as a central idea in the novel
  5. Materialism versus simplicity as a recurring theme in the book Into the Wild
  6. Idealism as both a strength and downfall of the protagonist
  7. The role of literary devices in communicating major themes of Into the Wild
  8. Privacy and exposure as paradoxical elements in the novel’s structure
  9. The meaning of life as interpreted through McCandless’s writings and actions
  10. Society’s misunderstanding of McCandless as a core idea in Krakauer’s analysis
  11. Transcendentalism as a philosophical framework in the novel Into the Wild
  12. Sympathetic portrayal of McCandless as a theme throughout Krakauer’s narrative
  13. Reason versus emotion in the protagonist’s decision-making
  14. Truth and mythmaking about McCandless in the novel
  15. Critical analysis of American values expressed through Krakauer’s narrative voice.

Freedom Topics In The Film Into the Wild

  1. Ultimate freedom as portrayed visually in Sean Penn’s film Into the Wild
  2. Freedom from money and materialism in the cinematic journey of McCandless
  3. Fear of entrapment by society as depicted in the film adaptation
  4. Freedom through solitude in the Alaskan wilderness
  5. Idealism and its link to personal freedom in the movie Into the Wild
  6. The protagonist’s quest for freedom from family expectations in the film
  7. Freedom versus survival: the limits of independence in the wilderness
  8. Cinematic devices used to emphasize the theme of freedom in the film
  9. Freedom as both liberation and isolation in the visual storytelling
  10. Sympathetic portrayal of McCandless’s pursuit of freedom on screen
  11. Privacy and exposure of personal truth in the film’s adaptation
  12. The meaning of life as equated with freedom in the movie Into the Wild
  13. Music and imagery as symbolic tools of freedom in the film
  14. Freedom from conventional American values as a major theme
  15. Freedom and death: how the film links liberty with finality

Essay Topics on The Life Of Chris McCandless

  1. Childhood experiences that shaped the motivation of Chris McCandless
  2. Educational background and the role of literature in McCandless’s worldview
  3. The journey from the East Coast to Alaska as life-defining transformation
  4. The protagonist’s pursuit of truth as a personal philosophy
  5. McCandless’s life and death as lessons about idealism
  6. Fear and bravery in the daily experiences of Chris McCandless
  7. Relationships with strangers and their influence on McCandless’s journey
  8. Family conflicts and the search for privacy in McCandless’s life
  9. Life and death of Christopher McCandless as a portrait of American youth rebellion
  10. Money, work, and rejection of materialism in McCandless’s life story
  11. Idealism as the central driving force of McCandless’s decisions
  12. Experience in the wilderness as transformative in his short life
  13. Sympathetic portrayals of McCandless in Jon Krakauer’s narrative
  14. The end of his life as symbolic of the pursuit of ultimate freedom
  15. Legacy of McCandless’s journey and its influence on American culture

Suggested Essay Topics Comparing Chris McCandless, Everett Ruess and Jon Krakauer

  1. Similarities in idealism between Chris McCandless and Everett Ruess
  2. Contrasts in motivations behind journeys Into the Wilderness
  3. Role of transcendentalism in shaping McCandless and Ruess compared to Krakauer’s analysis
  4. Privacy and exposure: how McCandless, Ruess, and Krakauer dealt with personal truth
  5. Wilderness experiences as shared yet uniquely interpreted among the three figures
  6. Fear and courage as expressed differently by McCandless, Ruess, and Krakauer
  7. Family influence on McCandless and Ruess compared with Krakauer’s personal accounts
  8. Pursuit of freedom as a uniting theme among the three men
  9. Materialism rejection in McCandless and Ruess contrasted with Krakauer’s evaluation.
  10. Death of Christopher McCandless compared with the disappearance of Everett Ruess
  11. Literature’s influence on McCandless and Ruess versus Krakauer’s role as writer
  12. Critical analysis of society’s sympathy toward all three men
  13. Reason and emotion: different balances in McCandless, Ruess, and Krakauer’s choices
  14. Truth and mythmaking: how each man’s story has been told and received
  15. American values reinterpreted by McCandless and Ruess compared with Krakauer’s narrative voice



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Argumentative Vs Persuasive Essay: Comprehensive Comparison

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When people talk about essay writing, one topic that often causes confusion is the argumentative vs persuasive essay debate. At first glance, they seem almost identical: both try to convince the reader to accept a point of view. However, while they share a common purpose, their methods and attitudes are quite different. Knowing the difference matters because it helps students, professionals, and even casual writers use the right style of writing for the right purpose.

Let’s walk through both essays step by step so that by the end, you’ll be able to clearly see what sets them apart.

Key Takeaways

  1. From the start, it is clear that argumentative vs persuasive essay may look alike since both aim to convince the reader, but their methods differ, making it important to know which style fits your writing goal.
  2. An argumentative essay is built on research, facts, logical reasoning, and counterarguments to present a balanced case, while a persuasive essay relies on emotions, opinions, and personal stories to sway the reader.
  3. The key differences are that argumentative writing uses evidence and logical reasoning (logos), while persuasive writing appeals more to emotions and values (pathos), with the biggest difference being logic versus emotional appeal.
  4. Students often confuse the two because both essays share a similar structure of introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion, but the distinction lies in argumentative writing being evidence-based and persuasive writing being emotion-driven.
  5. The choice between argumentative and persuasive writing depends on the setting, with argumentative essays fitting academic work and persuasive essays fitting speeches or opinion pieces, and writers can tell them apart by checking whether the focus is on facts and logic or emotional appeal.

What Is The Difference Between Argumentative And Persuasive Writing?

When comparing an argumentative vs a persuasive essay, it’s easy to think of them as two sides of the same coin. Both aim to convince the reader, but they go about it differently. We shall go through them in detail below.

Argumentative Writing

An argumentative essay is built around facts, research, and logical reasoning. The writer presents information backed by solid evidence, making sure to include a counterargument to show balance. Instead of relying on emotional appeal, it stays grounded in data, presenting a balanced view before asking the reader to adopt one side of an argument.

  • The goal is to present a well-researched argument.
  • The language is formal, precise, and based on evidence.
  • The essay requires research, statistics, and references.

For example, a study published in the Journal of Writing Research in 2019 found that students who practiced argumentative writing consistently developed stronger critical thinking skills because they were required to evaluate multiple sides of a matter before reaching a conclusion. This shows how argumentative writing is less about emotional appeal and more about logical reasoning.

If you’re curious about how to structure this type of essay, this detailed guide on the Argumentative Essay Outline is a great place to start.

Persuasive Writing

A persuasive essay leans heavily on emotion and personal attitude. Here, the writer tries to sway the reader on an emotional level by appealing to values, opinions, or feelings. Instead of presenting both sides, persuasive writing focuses on one opinion and attempts to convince the reader through emotional appeal.

  • The goal is to persuade the reader to agree without necessarily requiring facts.
  • The language can be passionate, emotional, and subjective.
  • Personal stories, emotional examples, and rhetorical questions are common.

In 2020, research published in Written Communication showed that persuasive writing engages more areas of the brain connected to empathy and emotional processing, highlighting why it can be effective in making the reader adopt a specific opinion. This clearly sets it apart from argumentative writing, which activates the reasoning centers of the brain more strongly.

For tips on how to develop stronger persuasion skills, you can look at How to Write an Effective Persuasive Essay.

Key Differences

To make the distinction clear, here’s a quick breakdown of the difference between argumentative and persuasive essay writing:

  • Argumentative essay: Based on evidence, facts, and logical reasoning (logos).
  • Persuasive essay: Based on emotion, values, and emotional appeal (pathos).
  • Argumentative writing: Requires research and counterarguments.
  • Persuasive writing: Relies on passion, opinion, and personal connection.
  • Biggest difference: One presents a balanced, evidence-based argument, while the other focuses on trying to persuade the reader emotionally.

If you’d like to compare real examples side by side, these Argumentative Essay Examples and Persuasive Essay Examples provide a useful contrast.

Why Do Students Mix Them Up?

It’s easy to see why people confuse persuasive and argumentative writing. Both are essays that require an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Both also try to convince the reader. Because they share a similar structure, many assume they are just different names for the same essay type.

However, the distinction between argumentative and persuasive writing lies in their purpose and style. An argumentative paper will present evidence to support every claim, often backed by research. A persuasive piece, however, might use personal stories, opinions, or appeals to emotion instead of facts.

Another reason for confusion is that teachers sometimes use the words interchangeably in class. But once you recognize whether an essay is built on facts and logic or emotional appeal, you’ll be able to tell them apart instantly.

When Should You Use an Argumentative vs a Persuasive Essay?

Knowing when to use argumentative vs persuasive writing may depend on your goal and the audience.

  • Academic settings: An argumentative essay is more common because it requires research, logical reasoning, and evidence to support claims. College professors expect students to include a counterargument and present a balanced discussion.
  • Speeches or opinion writing: A persuasive essay works better here because it appeals to the heart. Politicians, activists, or campaigners often rely on persuasive writing to sway the reader emotionally.
  • Everyday debates: You might find yourself using a mix. For example, during a classroom debate, you could start with facts (argumentative) but shift to emotion (persuasive) to make the reader or listener connect with your point.

If you’re new to essay writing, you might find it helpful to check out guides like How to Write an Argumentative Essay or explore rhetorical techniques such as How to use Ethos, Pathos, and Logos in a Persuasive Essay.

How To Tell Them Apart While Reading Or Writing

Sometimes, the difference between an argumentative essay and a persuasive essay can be spotted by looking at tone, evidence, and the type of language used.

Here are some clues:

  • If the essay includes research, statistics, or logical reasoning → it’s an argumentative essay.
  • If the essay uses personal stories, emotion-driven questions, or dramatic language → it’s a persuasive essay.
  • If both appear, but one dominates, pay attention to whether the writer is trying to persuade emotionally or convince with facts.

When writing your own, ask yourself:

  • Am I presenting a balanced view, including a counterargument? (If yes, it’s argumentative.)
  • Am I mainly relying on personal attitude and emotional appeal? (If yes, it’s persuasive.)

In some cases, teachers may assign essays that combine elements of both. That’s fine. What matters is being clear on what sets them apart so that you don’t confuse the two types of essays in academhelper.com writing.

Conclusion

To sum up, the difference between persuasive and argumentative writing comes down to approach. An argumentative essay is built on facts, logic, and solid evidence, while a persuasive essay relies on opinion, emotion, and emotional appeal. Both are useful, but they serve different purposes. Once you know which one you’re dealing with, you’ll be better prepared to make the reader agree with you, whether through evidence or emotion.

FAQs

1. What’s the difference between a persuasive and an argumentative essay in one sentence?
An argumentative essay presents logical reasoning and evidence to support a claim, while a persuasive essay tries to sway the reader with emotional appeal and opinion.

2. Which essay type is harder to write?
Many students find argumentative essays harder because they require more research, evidence, and a balanced view, while persuasive essays are often more flexible.

3. Do both essays require research?
Argumentative essays require research to present solid evidence, but persuasive essays may or may not include it depending on the writer’s style.

4. Can you mix persuasive and argumentative writing in one essay?
Yes, it’s possible. Some of the best essays use both, starting with logical reasoning and then adding an emotional appeal to make the reader connect with the argument.



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Lessons from the Russian and American conflict

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The long as well as complex history of conflicts between Russia as well as United States of America has offered the whole world several lessons on the areas of international relations alongside strategic planning and conflict resolution. It is further to be stated that spanning eras from the nuclear brinkmanship of Cold War to modern day cyber as well as economic warfare, these dynamics between two global powers have reshaped global orderliness. The blog in this significance would be exploring the key insights and the enduring lessons that could be gleaned from their rivalries those are multifaceted.

It is to be seen that the Cold War period would remain most pivotal chapter in the rivalry of Russia and America. During this specific era, it could be seen that both nations have been engaged in the high-stake game of deterrence of nuclear energy, proxy wars and confronting ideologically (German, 2024). Significantly, the doctrine of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) has further underscored peril of escalation, whereas, it has also equally established fragile power balance. Certainly, in this accordance, it can be stated that this period has taught the world regarding the importance of restraints, clear communication along with underlying risks catastrophic considering unchecked races of arms (Haley, 2021).

For example; it can be seen that Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in 1962 has stand out as the crucial moment. With the world on the edge of nuclear war, it is to be seen that black-channel communications and diplomacy rapidly has de-escalated that crisis ultimately (Chernobrov and Briant, 2022). Certainly, this incident has underscored essential requirement for maintaining open channels for communication. That is also even among adversaries for the purpose of preventing misunderstanding that might be leading towards conflicts irreversibly.

On the other hand, it is to state that one of the fundamental lessons learned from the Russian and American conflicts is diplomacy. However, complex would be indispensable in this accordance (Paquin, 2024). Regardless of wider differences in the ideology, both the nations Russia and America is seen to have returned to negotiation tables repeatedly for managing the rivalry existing between them (Davies et al. 2023). This specific commitment towards dialogues even amidst the mistrust underlying and existing deeply is illustrating that even the opponents who are most polarised would be able to find the common base when the stakes are seen to be existential.

In this accordance, Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) agreements can be exemplified that has reduced periodically the arsenals of both the nations regarding nuclear and these are certainly testament to this specific lesson. They have further highlighted how treaties regardless of being well-crafted would be coupled with verification mechanisms rigorously (Vićić and Gartzke, 2024). And, that can develop the confidence and stability even within this highly competitive environment. Thus, such diplomatic endeavours would be reminding policymakers at present that proactive and transparent negotiations are utmost essential for mitigation of the conflicts and also fostering security across the globe.

Furthermore, the conflict observed between Russia and United States has also exhibited the pitfall alongside the power of economic statecraft. Contextually, it can be evaluated that economic sanctions have often been incorporated as the tool towards signalling disapproval and for coercing changes in the policies without having resort to have military engagement directly (NDUBUISI et al. 2024). For example, it can be seen that in respect to several geographical manoeuvres, United States of America along with its observable allies have made imposition of the sanctions on Russia. That is also aiming for curbing its actions aggressively across the regions like Easter Europe.

However, on the contrary, these economic strategies are found to be bipartite swords. That is certainly because; while sanctions could be constraining capabilities of the adversary, they can equally have domestic consequences unintended and straining global alliances (Kebadze et al. 2024). This certain lesson further has emphasises need for having a balanced approach. That is also by leveraging economic tools in judicious manner while at the time of ensuring that they are not undermining broader level of strategic goals and global stability.

Thus, perhaps the most enduring lesson from the conflicts among Russia and America is considered to be the imperative to learn as well as adapting in continual manner (Wiatr, 2024). It can be stated that the historical ebb and existing flow between cooperation and confrontation would be serving as the reminder that dynamics of global power would not be static. Therefore, for that purpose, every generation of the leaders should be studying past mistakes and successes as well for crafting the policies that are bound to be innovative and informed by the precedent historically both (Fernandez, 2024).

Therefore, with this discussion, it can be certainly comprehended that this continuous process of learning is evident in context of the evolving approaches to arms control and not only that but also for resolution of conflicts and diplomacies internationally. For example; it can be highlighted that modern discussions on controls of arms is extended beyond nuclear weapons for including advance technologies such as; cyber weapons and hypersonic missiles (THOMAS, 2024). Henceforth, with learning from past conflicts, policymakers on international level can anticipate future challenges in better way and equally working proactively for mitigating the underlying risks.

Based on the critical discussion so far, it can be implied that the enduring rivalry existing in between Russia and America has offered rich lesson tapestry that is extended more than bilateral lessons between them. Certainly, from the diplomacy being critically important and open communication at the time of Cuban Missile crisis to nuanced usage of the economic sanctions and emergence of warfare on cyber, every chapter within their conflicts have underscored needs for thoughtful strategies. Holistically, that would also be adaptive in context of international relations practices. Moreover, with the global landscape to evolve continually, the insights at core is drawn from historic rivalries that would remain crucial to navigate challenges in the future, ensuring that even during intense competition, stability persuasion and peace would remain as the guiding priority.

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Chernobrov, D. and Briant, E.L., 2022. Competing propagandas: How the United States and Russia represent mutual propaganda activities. Politics, 42(3), pp.393-409.

Davies, S., Pettersson, T. and Öberg, M., 2023. Organized violence 1989–2022, and the return of conflict between states. Journal of peace research, 60(4), pp.691-708.

Fernandez, N., 2024. Putin’s Pivot: Understanding the Evolution of Russia’s Anti-Western Stance. Political Analysis, 22(1), p.5.

German, T., 2024. From cooperation to confrontation: US-Russia relations since 9/11. International Politics, 61(3), pp.567-586.

Haley, G., 2021. Putin’s “global hybrid war”: US experts, Russia, and the Atlantic Council. Russia in Global Affairs, 19(1 (73)), pp.146-172.

Kebadze, M., Chokhelishvili, L. and Kazarashvili, N., 2024. The Cold War: an ideological conflict. Pedagogical Cluster-Journal of Pedagogical Developments, 2(2), pp.456-461.

NDUBUISI, J.O., Ambrose, O.A. and ACHUGBUE, P.E., 2024. CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS: A PRECURSOR TO DETENTE AND INCREASED NEGOTIATIONS IN THE RESOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL CRISIS. SOCIAL SCIENCES, 1(2), pp.1-17.

Paquin, J., 2024. The United States facing allies’ populist blackmail: Why the Philippines and Turkey threatened to realign with China and Russia. European Journal of International Security, 9(2), pp.160-179.

THOMAS, D., 2024. INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT IN A WORLD ‘RULED’BY PUTIN. GPH-International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 7(04), pp.54-63.

Vićić, J. and Gartzke, E., 2024. Cyber-enabled influence operations as a ‘center of gravity’in cyberconflict: The example of Russian foreign interference in the 2016 US federal election. Journal of Peace Research, 61(1), pp.10-27.

Wiatr, J.J., 2024. CONTEMPORARY ARMED CONFLICTS: AN OUTLINE OF A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. Studia Socjologiczno-Polityczne. Seria Nowa, 20(1), pp.9-22.



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how to write common app essay

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how to write a problem statement for a research paper

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