1 In The 1980s And 1990s Many States Passed Any Willing Provider Awp Legislations Th 3300634

1.In the 1980s and 1990s many states passed Any-Willing-Provider (AWP) legislations that require managed care organizations to accept any provider into their network if the provider agreestotheconditions,termsandreimbursementrates. Supposeyouarehiredbyanagency to estimate the effect of AWP legislation on state-level hospital and physician expenditures (EXP). You have state-level data on expenditures, year AWP law passed, and demographic and health characteristics spanning 1980 through 1998. Note that both EXP and AWPvary across years and states. The state-level demographic and health characteristics include population density, percent of the population of African American race, HMO market share, real per capita income and unemployment rate. Assume that data are available for 50 states. A.[20 Points] What approach would you use to estimate the effect of the policy change (i.e.,AWP) on total hospital and physician expenditures? Specify your model (the equation and important assumptions), and then explain your estimation approach. B. [10 Points] Do we need to worry about potential endogeneity in AWP? Explain. Hint: You have panel data on 50 states (n= 50) and 9 years (t = 9). In part (A), set-up a linear panel data model with dependent variable EXP?? and key explanatory variable AWPit, other regressors (population,….unemployment rate), year dummies, individual effects and the idiosyncratic error term. Note AWPit = 1 if state i passed the law (or the law was in effect) during year t. Depending on the assumptions you make, you can in principle use fixed effects, random effects or first difference. You need to explain your chosen approach. The FE estimator might be preferable, though. For part (B), explain why the AWP legislation might be endogenous. Basically, if the AWP legislation is related to the underlying changes in health expenditures, then AWP may be endogenous. This is the so called policy endogeneity. If states implement the legislation in response to upward trends in health expenditures, then AWP may be correlated with the idiosyncratic error term.

 
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1 In Pics There Is Question 2 In Excel There Is Main Stuff To Fallo 2766565

1. in pics there is question2. in excel there is main stuff to fallo

Attachments:

auditing.pngauditing-2.pngECL-FinST-G6…..xlsxexcel-file-2…..xlsx

 
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1 Is The Fixed Manufacturing Overhead Of 1 060 000 Treated As A Product Cost In Both 1732971

1-Is the fixed manufacturing overhead of $1,060,000 treated as a product cost in both absorption costing and variable costing? 2-What is the unit product cost under variable costing? 3-What is the unit product cost under absorption costing? 4-In the first year, does the company produce more products than it sells? Under absorption costing, does this mean fixed manufacturing overhead costs are released from inventory, or deferred in inventory? 5-What is the company’s total contribution margin under variable costing? can you selove these please with steps? Please find the attachment for complete question

Attachments:

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1 In Straight Rebuy Buying Mode Business Buyer Makes The A Fewest Decision B Most Of 2846925

1.In straight rebuy buying mode, business buyer makes the A. fewest decision B.most of the decision C.new decisions D.modified purchases 2. Expenditures that are tailored to particular value chain and organization are classified as A. vertical investments B.horizontal investments C.specific investments D.contractual investments 3. Business buyers seek benefits in economic, social and technical terms and in total classified as A. highest benefit package B.lowest benefit package C.medium benefit package D.initiating benefit package 4. Stronger buyer and seller ties are facilitated in A. vertical coordination B.horizontal coordination C.contract coordination D.selling coordination 5. Industrial strategy to build large scale industries by bidding process is classified as A. systems buying B.management supplies C.systems contracting D.system selling

 
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1 Interest Rates Typically Display A Pattern Relative To The Business Cycle A Procyc 3345796

1) Interest rates typically display a ____ pattern (relative to the business cycle). A) procyclical B) cyclically neutral C) countercyclical D) random

 
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1 In January 2 2008 The Dow Closed At 13 043 96 Points In October 8 Of The Same Year 2457020

1. In January 2, 2008 the Dow closed at 13,043.96 points. In October 8 of the same year it closed 9,258.10. What was the return of the market in that period of time?

2. In September of 1984, Apple’s stock was trading at $3.36. In September of 2012 it was trading at $700.26. What is the return for an investor who bought the stock in 1984?

3. In February of 2008, AIG’s stock was trading at $937.20. In February 2009, the price was $8.40. What was the return for an investor who bought the stock in 2008?

4. Use Sharpe ratio to choose the investment that is better compensating investors for the risk they are taking. The risk free rate is 2%. Stock Expected return Standard Deviation X 7% 5% Y 10% 10% Z 15% 11%

 
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1 International Trade Is Based On Which Principle 2 What Is The Difference Between A 2624925

1. International trade is based on which principle?

2. What is the difference between absolute advantage and comparative advantage?

3. Why are exchange rates important?

 

 
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1 In Is 001110 A Legal Output For A Sequentially Consistent Memory Explain Your Answ 2620541

1. In is 001110 a legal output for a sequentially consistent memory? Explain your answer.

2. At the end of, we discussed a formal model that said every set of operations on a sequentially consistent memory can be modeled by a string, S, from which all the individual process sequences can be derived. For processes P1 and P2 in give all the possible values of S. Ignore processes P3 and P4 and do not include their memory references in S.

 

 
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1 Let B Be A Bayesian Network And X A Variable That Is Not A Root Of The Network Sho 2528150

1. Let B be a Bayesian network, and X a variable that is not a root of the network. Show that PB may not be the optimal proposal distribution for estimating PB(X = x).

2. In exercise we defined the edge reversal transformation, which reverses the directionality of an edge X → Y. How would you apply such a transformation in the context of likelihood weighting, and what would be the benefits?

 

 
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1 List Five Reasons That Individuals With Auto Insurance May Qualify For Reduced Pre 2719527

1. List five reasons that individuals with auto insurance may qualify for reduced premiums. (Hint: These can be related to the automobile that they drive or their own characteristics, or both).

2. MATCHING

Match each term with the correct statement below.

a.

additional living expenses

b.

comprehensive personal liability

c.

Dwelling

d.

loss settlement clause

e.

Other structures

1. When an insured peril damages an individual’s house, any increase in living costs is covered by _________________ insurance.

2. _________________ coverage protects an insured against loss to a detached garage.

3. The residence premises is called the _________________ in the homeowners’ policy.

4. The _________________ determines how items will be valued for adjustment purposes.

5. The _________________ provides liability coverage in the homeowners’ policy.

3. What are four methods for reducing moral hazard?

4. What are some methods for reducing asymmetric information?
5. What are riders? What are endorsements?

6. How can risk management benefit a corporation?

7. What are some appropriate techniques that an employer could use to reduce health care costs for its employees?

8a. What are some potential repercussions if underwriting standards are too lenient? What if underwriting standards are too stringent?

b. What are characteristics of a soft market?

c. What are some methods for an insurance company to reduce fraud in insurance? (list three)

9. What is the probability of dying for a male from ages 30 up to age 34?

What is the probability of living?

10. What are some of the motivations for employers offering employee benefits?

11. What do the average expected value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation tell you about loss exposures?

Part Two

1. Explain the concepts of indemnity, adverse selection, asymmetric information, and moral hazard as they pertain to insurance.

2. What are the major sources of risk that we have discussed in this course? List and explain the sources of risks and why it is imperative to plan for these risks?

Part Three

1.

A. A health insurance policy contains a $200 calendar-year deductible, an 80 percent coinsurance provision, and a $2,500 out-of-pocket cap. If a $10,000 covered claim is the only claim made this year, the insurance company will pay

B. A health insurance policy contains a $200 per-cause deductible, a 75 percent coinsurance provision, and a $2,000 coinsurance cap. If a $10,000 covered claim is the only claim made this year, the insured would have to pay

3. Use the risk management process; incorporate loss control methods where appropriate. Analyze this as if you are a risk manager from a corporation that lends money. (hint: some risks might include default risk and credit risk)

http://www.azcentral.com/business/articles/0610biz-cashforcredit0610.html

Credit-boost loophole scares lending industry

Associated Press

Jun. 10, 2007 12:00 AM

Only a low credit score stood between Alipio Estruch and a mortgage to buy a $449,000 Spanish-style house in Weston, Fla., a few miles west of Fort Lauderdale.

Instead of spending several years repairing his credit rating, which he said was marred by two forgotten cellphone bills and identity theft, the 37-year-old real estate agent paid $1,800 to an Internet-based company to bump up his score almost overnight.

Instantcreditbuilders.com, or ICB, helped Estruch boost his score by arranging for him to be added as an authorized user on several credit cards of people with stellar credit who were paid to allow this coattailing. Parents also use this practice when they add their children to their credit cards to help them build solid credit.

The result was a happy ending for Estruch, but the growing practice is sending shivers through the mortgage industry. Federal regulators are also becoming increasingly concerned.

And after being contacted by The Associated Press for this story, Fair Isaac Corp., the developer of the widely used FICO score, said it will change its credit scoring system beginning later this year in a way it contends will end this little-known but potentially high-impact mortgage loan loophole.

Benefits for renters

The pitch to those who are essentially renting their credit history for pay is seductive: You don’t need to worry about users of this service receiving duplicate copies of your credit cards, account numbers or personal information.

Brian Kinney, 44, a retired Army officer in Glendale, Calif., pulls in more than $2,500 a month by lending out 19 credit-card spots on two old Citibank cards with strong payment histories. Kinney, whose FICO score is above 800 on the scale of 300 to 850, quit his job working at a Farmers Insurance agency and uses the ICB income to tide him over until he starts his own agency.

Lenders are worried, however, that they’re taking on greater default risks by unknowingly offering lower interest rates than they otherwise would to applicants who artificially boost their credit scores.

Estruch paid $1,800 in December for three credit-card spots, and by January, his FICO score jumped from 550 to 715. In mid-March, he closed on his four-bedroom beige stucco house after obtaining a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage from a unit of American Home Mortgage Investment Corp. It carried a 7.5 percent interest rate and required no down payment.

How it works

Companies like Largo, Fla.-based ICB are sprouting on the Internet with little overhead and no-frills marketing. They post ads on community Web sites like Craigslist and have sponsored links on Google and Yahoo. Competitors of ICB have even reached out to mortgage brokers, lenders and real estate agents, flooding their e-mail with advertisements.

Jason LaBossiere, who founded ICB a year and a half ago, said his company receives 100 to 150 new leads daily, a number that has been growing, and those inquiries lead to 10 to 20 new clients a week.

ICB charges $900 for the first credit-card account, with a discount for additional ones. The cardholder allowing the piggybacking on his or her credit history can receive $100 to $150 per slot, depending on the age and credit limit of each card. ICB pockets the rest.

The effect on a credit score can vary depending on what else is in a client’s report. But one borrowed credit-card account can increase a score between 30 and 45 points, two between 60 and 90 points, and five between 150 and 205 points, according to ICB. That’s because the computer program that calculates scores is essentially tricked into believing the credit renter has a better repayment history when it sees the added accounts and that helps lift the credit score.

Once the credit-card company files an updated report to credit bureaus, leading to a higher FICO score, the credit renter is removed from the account of the person allowing the piggybacking.

Fraud concerns

Kinney, the retired Army officer in California, said those borrowing his good credit history don’t get his personal information, full credit-card number or credit-card expiration dates. Any sensitive data is handled through ICB, and Kinney adds the users himself by calling his credit-card company. ICB also destroys any duplicate cards that are issued to the credit renter, according to its contract.

In fact, Kinney fears that those seeking a credit hike are most at risk to be swindled. They give the cardholder their names and Social Security numbers, which, in the wrong hands, could lead to identity theft. Kinney said he also receives credit-card offers in the mail for the credit borrowers on his accounts.

Ginny Ferguson, a mortgage broker in Pleasanton, Calif., and a credit expert for the National Association of Mortgage Brokers, considers the practice mortgage fraud, and the trade organization is about to release a policy statement against it.

“These companies are encouraging consumers to commit fraud,” Ferguson said.

ICB’s LaBossiere said he sees his business as a second chance for the consumer who has had little financial education to make good decisions. “People who are our clients are spending an incredible amount of money to get their finances back in order,” he said.

So far, federal authorities have yet to make a ruling on the issue.

And lenders, who depend on credit scores to assess a person’s ability to pay back a loan, are closely watching the practice’s growth.

Risk Manager Blake wants you to calculate the average expected loss, variance, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation for this loss experience.

 
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