1.In the 1980s and 1990s many states passed Any-Willing-Provider (AWP) legislations that require managed care organizations to accept any provider into their network if the provider agreestotheconditions,termsandreimbursementrates. Supposeyouarehiredbyanagency to estimate the effect of AWP legislation on state-level hospital and physician expenditures (EXP). You have state-level data on expenditures, year AWP law passed, and demographic and health characteristics spanning 1980 through 1998. Note that both EXP and AWPvary across years and states. The state-level demographic and health characteristics include population density, percent of the population of African American race, HMO market share, real per capita income and unemployment rate. Assume that data are available for 50 states. A.[20 Points] What approach would you use to estimate the effect of the policy change (i.e.,AWP) on total hospital and physician expenditures? Specify your model (the equation and important assumptions), and then explain your estimation approach. B. [10 Points] Do we need to worry about potential endogeneity in AWP? Explain. Hint: You have panel data on 50 states (n= 50) and 9 years (t = 9). In part (A), set-up a linear panel data model with dependent variable EXP?? and key explanatory variable AWPit, other regressors (population,….unemployment rate), year dummies, individual effects and the idiosyncratic error term. Note AWPit = 1 if state i passed the law (or the law was in effect) during year t. Depending on the assumptions you make, you can in principle use fixed effects, random effects or first difference. You need to explain your chosen approach. The FE estimator might be preferable, though. For part (B), explain why the AWP legislation might be endogenous. Basically, if the AWP legislation is related to the underlying changes in health expenditures, then AWP may be endogenous. This is the so called policy endogeneity. If states implement the legislation in response to upward trends in health expenditures, then AWP may be correlated with the idiosyncratic error term.

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1-Is the fixed manufacturing overhead of $1,060,000 treated as a product cost in both absorption costing and variable costing? 2-What is the unit product cost under variable costing? 3-What is the unit product cost under absorption costing? 4-In the first year, does the company produce more products than it sells? Under absorption costing, does this mean fixed manufacturing overhead costs are released from inventory, or deferred in inventory? 5-What is the company’s total contribution margin under variable costing? can you selove these please with steps? Please find the attachment for complete question

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