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For which type of good would you expect consumers to spend more time on comparative shopping, or shopping for lower prices?150 words, no plagiarism
For which type of good would you expect consumers to spend more time on comparativeshopping, or shopping for lower prices?Consumer strategies are the strategies which help to divise to provide…
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For which one of the following reactions is ΔH°rxn equal to the heat of formation of the product?
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)
(1/2) N2 (g) + O2 (g) → NO2 (g)
P (g) + 4H (g) + Br (g) → PH4Br (l)
12C (g) + 11H2 (g) + 11O (g) → C6H22O11 (g)
6C (s) + 6H (g) → C6H6 (l)
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For which of the following types of blended sentences may a juvenile court impose a juvenile correctional sanction that remains in force after the offender is beyond the age of the court’s extended jurisdiction, at which point the offender may be transferred to the adult correctional system?
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For which of the following internal controls would an auditor be least likely to perform tests of internal controls closer to the “as of” date? Withdrawals from Federal Bank of more than $5 million must include a manager’s signature orDaily at Federal Bank, the total cash in the vault is reconciled with daily registers of deposits and withdrawals orFederal Bank has just started establishing trusts for its customers and it has only set up ten. Before making an investment for a trust, bank employees must verify that the investment is in accordance with stated investment policies orOn an annual basis, Federal Bank management performs credit checks on its loan customers before determining the value of loans it will not be able to collect on
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For which of the following circumstances would the interest and penalties likely NOT be waived?
a.A taxpayer with only employment income filed her 2018 tax return on May 4, 2019 after the CRA posted an incorrect news release saying the deadline for 2018 tax returns was May 5, 2019.
b.A low income single mother is hospitalized for the first half of 2018 and uses all of her savings to pay for food and shelter for her 3 minor age children so she is unable to pay her 2018 taxes owing.
c. A taxpayer is late filing his 2018 individual tax return because his house was destroyed in a fire in January, 2019.
d.A taxpayer is vacationing in the Bahamas and his flight is delayed several days by mechanical difficulties with the plane so that he files his return four days after the filing deadline.
Which of the following statements regarding the General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR) is incorrect?
a.There must be a tax benefit that wouldn’t otherwise have occurred for GAAR to apply.
b.GAAR will not apply if the taxpayer had a bona-fide non tax reason for doing the transaction.
c.The transaction must be considered to be a misuse or abuse of the ITA for GAAR to apply.
d.GAAR applies to transactions that deliberately break the tax law.
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for what variable in “managign Springville Herald” (http://www.prenhall.com/HeraldCase/Ad_Errors.htm )are numerical descriptive measures needed? For variable identified:1.Compute appropriate numerical descriptive measures and generate box and whisker plot 2. Identify graphical display that might be useful and construct it. What conclusions can you form from plot that cannot be made from box & whisker plot3. Summarize findings in one page report
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For your business you need to complete a competitor profile. First assess your industry’s NAICS hosted by the North American Industry Classification System.Start researching your competitors by reviewing Ch. 5, Figure 5.1, Elements of a Competitor Profile. Review Figure 5.4, Sample Competitor Matrix, and complete for your business. Recap the competitor matrix and NAICS for your business in one page.
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For your assignment this week, in 2-3 pages think of a work-related failure that you experienced or you are aware of and after describing it, answer the following questions:
- What individual and/or organizational factors might have contributed to the failure?
- What was the manager’s or organization’s reaction to the failure? How does that reaction compare to what you learned in this week’s lesson?
- Did it become a learning experience? If so, in what way? If not, why not?
- Based on what your learned would you describe this organization as innovative? Why or why not?
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Lecture Reading
Last week we learned that we minimize risk associated with innovation by managing a portfolio of innovations. That risk results when innovative ideas don’t result in marketable products or reduced costs. This week we focus on the culture of failure.
There are many legends about the innovative success of companies and their founders, including great financial rewards. Microsoft and Google both started life in a garage and their founders are now billionaires!
It’s easy to assume that the products or processes in these stories were “light bulb” ideas, generated in full form and ready for the market. What we don’t usually hear about are products that were tested by these same companies but were not successful, about the financial investments made in trial products that never earned a return.
- Apple, often considered the most innovation-driven companies in the world, and certainly, the company that has launched the most disruptive innovation in the last decade, has also acquired experience in innovation failure. A few years ago, it launched its Maps application which caused controversy, leading CEO Tim Cook to publicly apologize.
- Dannon has invested millions in developing a new kind of yogurt, one that claimed to offer benefits to the skin. The result? Essentiswas retired from the market.
- Microsoft has failed many times as well, such as with its Zune Player. And, even in its core business, the operating systems Windows Vista and Windows 8 have caused controversy.
- French automobile maker Renault has also failed to penetrate the high-end market segment with its VelSatis.
- Google, often considered to be a paragon of innovation, has failed many times. Its product meant at competing against Wikipedia, called Knol, has been discontinued. Google Reader and Google Buzz failed (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site., as well. Most of its successful innovations were, in fact, start-up acquisitions such as YouTube.
Today the conventional wisdom is that innovative companies need to be prepared for failures. Author Langdon Morris stated “A healthy percentage of projects should fail, because failure is an indication that we are pushing the limits of our current understanding hard enough to be sure that we are extracting every last bit of value from every situation and at the same time preparing for a broad range of unanticipated futures.”
Innovative companies should expect failure. In fact, the following quick reads suggest (1) those organizations that don’t accept failure stifle innovation and (2) employees are naturally innovative.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/theyec/2016/07/27/why-failure-is-the-key-to-workplace-culture-success/#1f1045bf48f4 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
http://www.innovationmanagement.se/imtool-articles/failure-is-the-mother-of-innovation/ (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Innovative companies should also accept that the innovation process is messy. Bill Coyne, who led R&D at 3M for over a decade understands both the messiness and misguided impulse to clean it up. His quote was referenced by Bob Sutton:
Finally, don’t try to control or make safe the fumbling, panicky, glorious adventure of discovery. Occasionally, one sees articles that describe how to rationalize this process, how to take the fuzzy front end and give it a nice haircut. This is self-defeating. We should allow the fuzzy front end to be as unkempt and as fuzzy as we can. Long-term growth depends on innovation, and innovation isn’t neat. We stumble on many of our best discoveries. If you want to follow the rapidly moving leading edge, you must learn to live on your feet. And you must be willing to make necessary, healthy stumbles (citation (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.)
Jeff DeGraff, professor at University of Michigan, wrote a great piece below that in a few words neatly explains innovation and its inherent messiness. (citation (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.)
Starbucks provides a real-life example about the messiness of innovation. An interesting quote by Starbucks chief digital officer Adam Brotman: “We don’t want to wait on innovation,” Brotman explained. “Because if we waited until we could make it perfect across every single experience of every single store, we would have to move much more slowly for the vast majority of our customers. So we’ve taken an approach that’s not always perfect, but we think it’s the best thing for our brand and customers.” After reading this article, what do you think? (citation (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.)
Can you imagine working for an organization that celebrates failure? Some of the most innovative companies out there celebrate failure on a daily basis. As I write this, it makes me want to work for one!
The following information is quoted from Acton (2017) and her article: “The Most Creative Companies Are the Ones That Celebrate Failure. Here’s How To Do It Effectively.” (citation (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.)
The Silicon Valley mantra, failing is a good thing, has taken the corporate world by storm. Just look at how we idolize people like Elon Musk for his kaleidoscopic career of failures, pivots, and reinventions. The failing mantra has taken on many variations:
- Failures are really just lessons on the path to success
- Failing fast is economical in the long-run
- Only through failure can you discover greatness and great risk begets great failure or great reward.
But, unless a company has policies in place to support and celebrate failures, then these mantras become vacuous company values, living only in strategic documents; not in the fabric of the company, and not felt in the day-to-day of employees throughout. A company that embraces, celebrates and rewards failure doesn’t happen accidentally; there needs to be systems, behaviors, and structures in place to incentivize, encourage and make room for flops.
Here are four ideas you, as a business manager, can implement immediately to make your work environment a better place to fail.
1. Actively Kill Ideas
Most organizations don’t take time to actively kill ideas. Often, they confuse prioritizing initiatives with killing ideas, but this is a separate thing to laying ideas to rest. When you take items off your task list, you can focus on the ones that really matter. Focusing on a few things allows you to do them well, and is a critical success factor. Steve Jobs famously slashed Apple’s pipeline from 150 products to just 4 when he returned to take the reigns in 1997 (one desktop and one portable device for both consumers and professionals). Jobs famously said, “Deciding what not to do is as important as deciding what to do”. And it’s a skill that requires practice.
Try: Hosting a monthly ‘Kill’ meeting where you actively kill, not just prioritize, ideas that are not delivering. Each department should aim to have no more than 4 key initiatives in play at any one time.
2. Host Idea Funerals
Killing an idea or initiative presents a chance to learn from it, and steal its most potent properties to incorporate into other initiatives. Hosting an “Idea Funeral” may sound extreme, but it’s a sticky initiative that sends a strong message to the company that failures are not just tolerated but actively welcomed. At an Idea Funeral, a team should: share what parts of the idea they’d like to keep, identity what prevented the initiative from really delivering and finally brainstorm ways to incorporate the ‘best of’ the idea into other initiatives that are still in play. This is also an opportunity to acknowledge team members who not only brought the idea this far but most importantly, had the audacity to kill it.
Try: Idea Funerals should feel more like a wake, and represent a chance for teams to bond and create a safe space for people to feel they can fail in. Bring music, snacks, and keep it light.
3. Create a “Failed Ideas Hall Of Fame”
This is an easy-to-implement idea that packs a big punch. In the same way, many companies pay tribute to their most successful launches and achievements, this is your opportunity to create a similar one for product, marketing, sales, and innovation failures. Similarly to Idea Funerals, this sends a very strong and public message to all employees that failing is OK and actually welcomed. Under each idea, there is an opportunity to capture shared learnings. For example, you can write an obituary for the idea that spells out what its strong points were, and how these now lives on in other initiatives. In killing one idea, it freed the team up to focus on a potential new blockbuster. This sentiment should be captured in the obituary.
Try: Creating a “Hall of Failure'” that showcases some monumental failures loudly and proudly. You can even intersperse other epic failures from history to reinforce the message. For example, Decca Records didn’t sign the Beatles because guitar music was on its way out, the Leaning Tower of Pisa took 177 years to build and only ten to start tiling or Fox Studios gave George Lucas all Star Wars merchandising rights for just $20,000 in 1977.
4. Change KPIs to Reward Risk and Failure
Most KPIs are tied exclusively to productivity, efficiency and boosting the bottom line. However, without incentivizing risk taking, and making allowances for the inevitable outcomes that comes with taking risks (failure), innovation quickly becomes all talk and no action. To truly make trying new things part of the culture, employees must be measured against it. A simple way of doing this is to hold employees accountable for trying a new approach to one of their tasks each quarter. Some of the initiatives they try differently might be close-in and relatively safe. However, at least one should feel intimidating and unknown.
Try: Adding a KPI that explicitly encourages employees to try new things; including an allowance for a grandiose failure and sharing the lessons they learned with their team.
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For Your 1st Paper (Paper 1a Due Monday 10/21/19) I am looking for a critical summary and evaluation of the editorial linked above. I will not be providing hard copies of these papers to you. You must read and/or print them from the website. You have until 11:59 to upload your paper to Blackboard. You do not need to bring a copy of this paper to me in class.
As you complete this assignment, you may also want to look at the following editorial:
Who Should Pay for Higher Education?
By HOWARD COHEN
http://www.nytimes.com/ref/college/collegespecial2/coll_aascu_povcohen.html (Links to an external site.)
Two Parts:
Part One; Critical Summary:
Summarize the article:
A.) Outline the Major thesis that the author is attempting to establish. (What is the Conclusion he is trying to establish? What’s his Big Point?)
B.) Outline what reasons he gives to support this. (What are his premises?)
Part Two; Critical Evaluation:
Evaluate the argument:
A.) Support Question- If his premises were true, would they support the conclusion? Would the make the conclusion more likely? Would they give one good reason to accept his conclusion?
B.) Content Question- Are his premises good (clear, true, non-controversial /reasonable)?
Clarity: To be a good premise it must be clear. It must not contain vagaries and ambiguities which prevent the reader from understanding what is being asserted. One cannot deterime if the premise is true if it admits of multiple interpretations. However, note two things:
- It is not enough to merely claim that a premise is vague or contains a vague term. If you make such a claim, you must defend it. Why do you say the premise is vague? What is the troublesome term or terms and why are they troublesome? Why does this vagueness prevent you from determining whether the sentence is true or reasonable?
- As we discussed in class, where an author uses a vague term, it is appropriate to extend to him or her the “principle of charity” and try to guess what a reasonable, intelligent person might have meant by the term. It is a weakness of the argument is the author is vague, but in the interest of advancing the dialog it becomes the reader’s responsibility to try to “fill in the blanks.”
Truth: Of course the premise must be true. False premises support nothing. However, be careful here. That a premise is false, in and of itself, is no reason for thinking that the conclusion is false. Only that the conclusion is not supported by this argument.
Reasonableness: Since the work of an argument is to persuade, one must make use of premises that are acceptable to the general public if one is to persuade the general public (you). It is a weakness of an argument if it makes use of a premise which is controversial, whether, it turns out to be true or not. However, it is not enough to merely claim that a premise is controversial. If you are asserting that this is a claim that the author is being unreasonable and that reasonable people would reject his premise(s), you then must say who the reasonable people are/ or what rational grounds they could give you for rejecting the author’s claim(s).
For Example: Consider the argument
God ExistsIf God exists then this is the best of all possible worlds.
Therefore
This is the best of all possible worlds.
Support:
The premises would supply excellent support for the conclusion if true. In fact, if the premises were true they would raise the probability of the conclusion to 1. There is no way the premises could be true and the conclusion be false. (Formally Valid)
Content:
There is a problem with the content of this argument.
It is not the clarity (because the premises are very clear) and not the truth (since I do not claim to know that the premises are false).
The problem is that the first premise is not good because it is so controversial. There are many who reject premise one as false (atheists) or who doubt premise 1 (agnostics) claiming that there is insufficient evidence to know that premise 1 is true. Indeed some suggest that the amount and degree of suffering and evil in the world is sufficient evidence to know that premise one is false.
Therefore, as it stands, the argument is unpersuasive. Thus is does not “work” (as an argument). People who doubt the conclusion will also doubt the 1st premise. And anyone who does not doubt the first premise will in all likelihood, would not have doubted the conclusion in the first place. Therefore the argument can accomplish no persuasive work.
Stray notes:
- I want you to begin your paper with something like this as your opening statement:
“The author of the article claims that (insert the conclusion here) and offers various reasons in support of this position. In my paper I shall summarize and evaluate the argument. In the end I believe that it is (successful/unsuccessful) and will explain and defend my assessment.
It would be nice to see something similar in the way of a summary at the end to bookend your essay.
- The paper should be 4-5 pages double spaced in length however, I will not count pages or grade on the basis of number of pages. I will however grade based on completeness of the assignment. Doing an adequate-good paper would only earn and average-good grade (C-B). An Excellent Paper (A) will do more than the minimum. For instance, one might consider implications of the view or how the issue may be resolved.
Here is a rough rubric to follow: You might also look at my colleague’s (Dr. Kenneth Henley) directions to his classes “Writing a philosophy paper for Prof. Kenneth Henley (Links to an external site.)” a link to which you will find on the left hand side of his webpage.
Unsatisfactory
Poor
Average
Good
Excellent
I
Spelling and grammar mistakes that prevent the reader from understanding the author’s meaning.
Spelling and grammar mistakes that distract the reader and detract from the author’s meaning.
Very few or no spelling or grammar mistakes.
No spelling or grammar mistakes
Well-constructed sentences and good use of phrases.
No spelling or grammar mistakes
Well-constructed sentences and good use of phrases which powerfully and clearly express the author’s meaning.
II
Poorly articulated or unarticulated thesis and no evidence of logical development within the paper.
Poorly articulated or unarticulated thesis.
Clearly articulated thesis which is roughly followed throughout the paper.
Clearly articulated thesis followed throughout the paper.
Clearly articulated thesis that is adhered to and referred to throughout the paper.
III
Unorganized, weak or shallow ideas showing little internal relations or logical development.
Unorganized, ideas showing little internal relations or logical development.
Logical Development within the paper.
Well organized paper where the theme is articulated and developed.
Well organized paper where the theme is articulated and developed and brought to a final conclusion.
IV
Misidentifies or mischaracterizes the author’s position on the issue and the reasons the author supplies in support of that position.
Correctly identifies and characterizes the authors position on the issue, but mischaracterizes or omits the reasons that the author supplies in support of his or her position.
Correctly identifies and characterizes the author’s position on the issue and the reasons the author supplies in support of that position. Offers only a cursory or weak critical evaluation.
Correctly identifies and characterizes the author’s position on the issue and the reasons the author supplies in support of that position. Provides a thoughtful critical evaluation.
Correctly identifies and characterizes the author’s position on the issue and the reasons the author supplies in support of that position. Provides a thoughtful critical evaluation. Introduces additional considerations or relates this issue to other issues not directly covered by the author.
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