respond to this discussion in one paragraph using one peer-reviewed Nursing Journal not older than 5 years old as a reference, APA needed,no cover page.

Literature is a way to convey information to the people that are providing health care to the community. Research and clinical articles are shared with the health care providers, but before it reaches the public eye these articles undergo peer reviews which is to make sure that the information being shared is current, accurate and that it relates to the readers that will be reading the journals (Connelly, 2017). Generally, there are two or more peer reviewers that look over the articles that were submitted. It is important to have a double-blinder review process which means that the reviewer and the author do not know each other. This is done so the review is unbiased. To be a reviewer, nurses can take courses to help them gain knowledge on how to evaluate the quality of the evidence that was provided in the articles (Polit & Beck, 2018). The peer review process is necessary because it helps look for information that is useful from the study, what research methods were used, the ethical conduct that was applied, how thorough and accurate the study was (Connelly, 2017). Along, with the previously mentioned tasks, it is important that the reviewer also look at that statics were used to get values and any figure examples that were used in the study to show data. Reviewing literature is important because once it has been reviewed then the article can be send to editing and later published where it can be read by other nurses for evidence and research.

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Please, write a response to the following discussion by using one reference from English peer-reviewed Journal that is not older than 5 years.

Hardiness Theory

It is of no surprise that many nurses who start working in the profession feel a sense of stress and burnout after working a long fast-paced shift in the hospital. The responsibility of making sure that every patient is receiving the highest level of care can be quite overwhelming when also being responsible for responding to the answers of concerned family members, receiving medical orders from doctors, delegating tasks to the patient care assistant, managing the pain of a trauma or post op patients, and ensuring the safety of a confused patient. Although this profession can be very satisfying, given that it involves helping patients in their most vulnerable state, the level of stress that nurses have to endure can be quite alarming. It is for this reason that many theorists have come into play when seeking to find a way to help individuals cope with difficult situations in the workplace. Susan Kobasa’s non-nursing theory known as Hardiness Theory, has been incorporated into a nursing theory when seeking to help nurses deal with the stresses of the profession (Henderson, 2015). 

            The theory of hardiness states that individuals must possess all three hardy attitudes, commitment, control, and challenge, in order to withstand any difficult life or professional situation and must learn how to turn any negative experience into an opportunity for personal and professional growth (Henderson, 2015). Commitment, being the first component of the theory of hardiness states that an individual must be active in every situation that comes in the way. In other words, the individual must never ignore the problem, but must instead be a participant in problem solving (Henderson, 2015). Control, is when an individual believes that his/her actions can result in a positive or negative outcome. The person has a sense of power over the situation (Henderson, 2015). Lastly, challenge is when an individual accepts the difficulties that comes along and uses them as opportunities to become a stronger and wiser (Henderson, 2015). 

            The components of this theory have been incorporated into a nursing theory because it has been used to provide nurses with effective strategies to manage the ongoing stresses that they face in the workplace. The humanistic nursing theory also includes the concept of authentic commitment, which means the nurse is actively present both personally and professionally in the decisions that are made when caring for a patient (George, 2011). It is highly important to implement the components of the theory presented because it serves as a tool to help reduce the incidence of developing any physical or mental illness (Henderson, 2015). 

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 Nichelle Ho Lung 

Please respond to the following discussion by using one reference from peer-reviewed Nursing Journal not older 5 years old (from database and not the internet).

When selecting human subjects for research, it is important to consider cultural, ethical and even social implications of the subjects. Researchers must evaluate the purpose for the research of specific individuals and determine if they are underserved population or a vulnerable population. Things like these are important to establish because implications can be developed from such. A major ethical issue that should be observed is informed consent. As described by Polit; informed consent is a process in the ethical conduct of a study that involves obtaining people’s voluntary participation in a study, after informing them of possible risks and benefits. Human subjects that are of vulnerable populations and are not able to comprehend the information of the research are implicated. If the human subject is unsure of the potential risks and benefits other measures must and should be used to create understanding for the subjects. It is ethically wrong and illegal not obtain proper informed consent. It is not safe for the subject and unfair to them as well.

Cultural barriers can also come into play and should also be observed when selecting human subjects. Providing accommodations for the subjects should be made and applied in order for complete transparency of all parties.

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The responses should be 100 words and should add to the understanding and learning of the topic and should include at least one peer-reviewed journal article reference. Asking and addressing questions is also highly encouraged.

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Respond one of your colleagues’ posts by offering a possible resolution to their  questions/concerns with supporting documentation.

at least 2 references in each peer responses! 

Nursing boards were created to establish guidelines for the scope of nursing practice. Each state has established its own board; thus regulations can vary by state. Advanced practice registered nurses must be familiar with their own state board’s regulations as it pertains to their practice, and advocate for the expansion of the nurse practitioner’s ability to practice and provide best care. 

Regulation 1

A main topic of conversation among nursing boards is the ability of advanced practice registered nurses (APRN’s) to practice independently of a collaborating physician. As discussed by Bosse et al., (2017), the ability of APRN’s to practice independently would help fill the gap in access to care associated with physician shortages and remote locations. Greater access to care has the potential to improve outcomes and reduce healthcare costs and complications. Currently, Missouri and Illinois both require APRN’s to maintain a collaborative practice agreement with a physician within a certain geographic range (Nurse Practice Act, 2018; Nursing & Collaborative Practice, 1996). The National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) encourages APRN’s to advocate for independent practice in their states (Bosse et al., 2017). 

Regulation 2 

As technology plays an increasingly central role in the provision of healthcare, the use of technology must be addressed by regulatory boards. Telehealth is another solution to improving access to healthcare, especially in rural areas. Missouri permits APRN’s to practice virtually if the care is being provided to patients in remote areas (Utilization of telehealth, 2014). Illinois permits APRN’s to treat residents of the state via telehealth without geographical stipulations (Telehealth Act, 2018). 

Conclusion

As nurse practitioners, we can adhere to these regulations while also advocating for the advancement of the advanced practice registered nurse’s role in healthcare. Another opportunity for advocacy lies in the use of telehealth to improve access to care in rural areas. By providing exceptional care and demonstrating the knowledge and skills needed to practice independently, we can emulate the need to expand the scope of practice for nurse practitioners.  

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