This is the assignment directions:

 The Literature Review provides the background and context for the research problem and illustrates to the reader that the researcher is knowledgeable about the study. This section shares with the reader the results of others studies that closely related to the study being reported. It also related a study to the larger, ongoing dialogue in the literature about a topic, filling in gaps and extending prior studies.  Summarize previous studies related to a topic them in a succinct manner. In a proposal, the literature review is generally brief and to the point.

Review various articles and dissertations, as they may help one to understand how to write and summarize previous research. When writing the literature review, it is wise to separate the various studies one finds into different categories.  Under these categories, create “Level 2 subheadings” in APA style. These subheadings are formatted just like Level 1 headings, but they are aligned left. See the subheadings below for an example. 

1stSubheading 

 Choose one evident theme or topic that became apparent when researching your study. Briefly share the results of the various studies, including the most pertinent information such as the studies’ hypotheses, population, methodology, and results.Relate the study to an ongoing dialogue of the literature pertaining to the research topic. This means that each study one lists should relate to new, proposed study in some way. Report the studies sequentially if possible, building upon the findings of prior studies. Remember to separate each category of studies with a new subheading. Do this as many times as needed.  another evident theme or topic that became apparent when researching your study.

The topic I have written Is: Yoga and Decreased Levels of Depression in the Elder Population.  

You will need to find 8-10 articles relevant to this topic and write in the literature review about it. Again It has to be 4 pages long. And all articles must be cited in APA format 

 

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Submit a two paragraph, double space paper detailing your philosophy of health. To write your philosophy, do the following:

Provide your personal understanding of what health is and concisely describe or elaborate how this philosophy has shaped or continues to shape your (a) beliefs (b) behavior.

Tie your philosophy to “your purpose of existence/life” and/or career interests.

To receive full credit, one is required to address all parts of the assignment. Please follow APA for in-text citation and reference lists. Good Luck!!!

 

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Write a short (50-100-word) paragraph response for each question posed below. Submit this assignment as a Microsoft Word document.

1. Define CAM.
2. Describe the patient who uses CAM the most.
3. List some common misconceptions about CAM.
4. Identify methods of including the use of CAM in patient education.
5. Discuss the safe use of CAM.
6. List ways in which conventional medicine and CAM can be integrated.
7. Define ethical theories, ethical principles, and values.
8. Provide examples of ethical issues in patient education and compliance, and describe ways in which an effective professional/patient relationship and a poor health professional/patient relationship can impact these issues.
9. Explain what is meant by “ethical patient education practices”.
10. Explain the purpose of informed consent.
11. Discuss what factors determine the patient’s ability to give informed consent.
12. Compose a sample informed consent form. .
13. Discuss the process of communication to use with the patient and the family when obtaining informed consent.

 

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Getting Started

Pharmacy calculations are very important for prescribing, especially in regards to renal function and pediatric dosing. This assignment will focus on calculating renal function and medication doses for pediatric patients. Review the information below and then follow the subsequent instructions.

Upon successful completion of the course material, you will be able to:

• Successfully calculate dosing for renal functions

Background Information

Renal function

Renal function can be calculated different ways but the most common ways are using the Cockcroft-Gault and CKD-EPI equations (see below). If adjustments to dosing are required due to decreased renal function, it is important to know which equation should be used. This can be found in a drug reference or the package insert for a particular medication. In general, if renal cutoffs are expressed as mL/min the Cockcroft-Gault equation should be used but if renal cutoffs are expressed in mL/min/1.73m2 then the CKD-EPI equation should be used. Different equations are necessary to calculate renal function in the pediatric population.

The Cockcroft-Gault equation is as follows:

• CrCl = [(140-age) (ideal body weight)]/[(72) (SCr)] x 0.85 (if female)
  • age is expressed in years
  • weight is expressed in kg [ideal body weight (IBW) should be used except for obese patients, in which case adjusted body weight is typically used]
  • SCr is serum creatinine expressed in mg/dL
  • IBW (male) = 50kg + 2.3 kg for each inch of height over 5 feet
  • IBW (female) = 45.5kg + 2.3 kg for each inch of height over 5 feet
  • Adjusted body weight = IBW + [0.4 x (actual body weight – IBW)]

The CKD-EPI equation is as follows:

• eGFR = 141 x min(SCr/κ, 1)α x max(SCr /κ, 1)-1.209 x 0.993Age x 1.018 [if female] x 1.159 [if Black]
  • eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) = mL/min/1.73 m2
  • SCr is serum creatinine expressed in mg/dL
  • κ = 0.7 (females) or 0.9 (males)
  • α = -0.329 (females) or -0.411 (males)
  • min = indicates the minimum of SCr/κ or 1
  • max = indicates the maximum of SCr/κ or 1
  • age = years

Pediatric Dosing

In general, medication dosing for pediatric patients is based on weight. This makes it particularly important to be able to calculate doses appropriately. The most basic calculation is dose (ie. mg/kg) times weight (in kg).

Example

• Cefdinir (Omnicef®) for acute otitis media is 14 mg/kg/day in 1-2 divided doses
  • What would the recommended dose be for a 22 lb patient?
  • First, lbs must be converted to kg.
    • 22 lb x (1 kg/2.2 lb) = 10 kg
  • Now, the dose can be calculated.
    • 14 mg/kg x 10 kg = 140 mg
  • Based on the dosing recommendation above, this could be given 2 different ways:
    • 140 mg once daily
    • 70 mg two times daily

For liquids or suspensions, medication doses are often given as the volume to be given to the patient. One must be aware of the available concentrations for a particular medication.

Example

• Cefdinir (Omnicef®) is available in the following concentrations:
  • 125 mg/5 mL
  • 250 mg/5 mL
• Using the example above, how many mL would be needed for 140 mg daily?
  • [140 mg / 125 mg] x 5 mL = 5.6 mL
  • [140 mg / 250 mg] x 5 mL = 2.8 mL
  • Often, we have to round to the nearest 0.5 mL to make it easier to administer using an oral syringe. Rounding the first option to 5.5 mL would give the patient 137.5 mg (5.5 mL x 125 mg/ 5 mL)

Instructions

1. Print out the Calculations Quiz.
2. Complete each question by hand and show your work.
3. Scan the completed quiz and submit via the Assignment.

This assignment is worth 50 Points

Access the Assignment submission page

 

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Case Study, Chapter 8, Overview of Genetics and Genomics in Nursing

1. A patient who is 38 years of age is diagnosed with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, a hereditary disease that results in fluid-filled cysts occupying space in the kidneys. The cysts can interfere with the function of the kidney and may burst and cause bleeding inside the kidney. The patient with polycystic kidney disease may or may not have a berry aneurysm of a blood vessel in the brain that could lead to bleeding and death, cysts on the ovaries, and a mitral valve prolapse (in females) that can lead to dysrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms), or diverticula (outpouching of the bowel) that are susceptible to infection and inflammation and may lead to gastrointestinal bleeding. The patient is susceptible to retaining fluid in the abdomen so the abdomen is large to constipation, and to hypertension. There is no cure for the disease. The patient receives supportive care for the various symptoms or complications the patient may have. 

1. When explaining to the patient and family about polycystic kidney disease, the nurse should explain what characteristics about an autosomal dominant genetic disease?
2. How does variable expression of genetic characteristics play a role in the course of polycystic kidney disease and how can the nurse further predict the level of the disease?
3. Identify the roles of the nurse in integrating genetics in the nursing care provided for the patient.

2. Mr. Wayne is a 38-year-old man with a significant family history of elevated cholesterol levels. His father died at age 42 from a massive heart attack secondary to elevated cholesterol and triglycerides, and two of his older siblings are currently taking medications to lower their cholesterol levels. Mr. Wayne makes an appointment to discuss his risk for hypercholesterolemia. The nurse recognizes that Mr. Wayne is at risk for familial hypercholesterolemia because this is an autosomal dominant inherited condition.

1. Describe the pattern of autosomal dominant inheritance.
2. Mr. Wayne asks what chance his children have of developing familial hypercholesterolemia. How should the nurse respond?
3. Explain the phenomenon of penetrance observed in autosomal dominant inheritance.

 

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