Imagine you are a researcher who is interested in studying whether sleep deprivation leads to increased reaction times (i.e., being slower) when driving. You randomly select a sample of 30 licensed drivers. Fifteen participants are randomly assigned to get 5 hours of sleep for three consecutive nights. The other 15 participants are randomly assigned to get 8 hours of sleep for three consecutive nights. For the purposes of this Assignment, assume that all participants sleep exactly the required amounts. After the third night, all participants take a driving simulation test that measures their reaction times.

1. Explain whether the researcher should use an independent-samples t-test or a related-samples t-test for this scenario. Provide a rationale for your decision.
2. Identify the independent variable and dependent variable.
3. Knowing the researcher believes that people who sleep less will have slower reaction times, state the null hypothesis and alternate hypothesis in words (not formulas).
4. Explain whether the researcher should use a one-tailed test or two-tailed test and why.
5. Identify the obtained t value for this data set using SPSS and report it in your answer document.
6. State the degrees of freedom and explain how you calculated it by hand.
7. Identify the p value using SPSS and report it in your answer document.
8. Explain whether the researcher should retain or reject the null hypothesis. Provide a rationale for your decision. Are the results statistically significant?
9. Explain what the researcher can conclude about the relationship between amount of sleep and reaction times.

Be sure to fully explain the rationale for your answer to each question, including evidence from the text and Learning Resources.

Provide an APA reference list.

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Describe how Pavlovian conditioning is used to better understand the topic you selected. You should clearly identify the US, UR, CS, and CR as well as use additional conditioning terms to explain how the disorder/issue may develop in the individual and/or how it might be treated with conditioning.

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Imagine you are a police officer and having a private conversation with a fellow officer. Unbeknownst to you, a fellow officer is recording the conversation. You are later contacted by your supervisor and informed that you are now under internal investigation for what was said on the recording. Do you believe your rights have been violated in the given scenario? Explain why or why not. 200 or more words

Moriarty, L. J. (Ed.). (2017). Criminal justice technology in the 21st century (3rd ed.). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. 

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Imagine you are a manager for a small business or firm (you decide the type of business). You have extra 5,000 in the budget to spend. How do you decide how to spend this money? How do you use the concept of opportunity cost to make a decision?

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Imagine you are a local businessperson who has to deal with the issue of outsourcing. You want to begin with the facts. How many, if any, jobs have been lost to outsourcing in your area? Are there any foreign firms in your area that are creating jobs (insourcing)? Consider using the Internet to help you find the data you need.

Look through your local phone book to find five businesses that provide services in your area in a domain of interest. List those businesses and, for each, describe how social trends might affect them in both positive and negative ways. Be prepared to explain your descriptions.

U.S. Supreme Court ruled that cities could have school voucher programs that give money directly to parents, who could then choose between competing schools, public or private. The idea was to create competition among schools. Like businesses, schools were expected to improve their services (how effectively they teach) to win students from competitors. The result would be improvement in all schools, private and public, to benefit many students.

a. Do you believe economic principles like competition apply in both private and public organizations? Defend your answer.

b. Are there other public functions that might benefit from more competition, including competition from private firms?  What key things would lead you to exclude certain kinds of business?

1. Many people say that business people do not do enough for society. Some students choose to go into the public sector instead of business because they want to help others. However, business people say that they do more to help others than nonprofit groups do because they provide jobs for people rather than giving them charity. Furthermore, they believe businesses create all the wealth that nonprofit groups distribute.

a. Find the middle ground in this debate and show that both business people and those who work for nonprofit organizations contribute to society and both need to work together more closely to help people?

b. How could you use the concepts of Adam Smith to help illustrate your position?

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