I need help creating a thesis and an outline on Large-Scale Genocide That Took Place in Rwanda in 1994. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. The Clinton Administration was not about intervening in any foreign event. America, however, was not the only country to stand by and watch what would end with the savage deaths of a million Rwandan, Tutsi, men, women, and children, most of whom were hacked to death by their fellow citizens, Hutu, rebel insurgents.

This paper looks at the genocide in Rwanda in an effort to understand why intervention in the genocide did not happen. Certainly, under the 1948 Geneva Convention the United States, and other countries, including France, England, and even Rwanda’s former colonizer, Belgium, had the ability and, under the circumstances, the authority to intervene in the mass murders. As pressure continued to be applied on the Clinton Administration, and while thousands more Tutsi Rwandans were fleeing the country, Clinton Administration, Secretary of State, Warren Christopher, finally acknowledged the genocide saying, “If there is any particular magic in calling it genocide, I have no hesitancy in saying that (Peterson, Scott, 2000, 297).” Then why the hesitancy intervening in the genocide as the United States and other countries pledged they would at the 1948 Geneva Convention? That is the question that will be attempted here.

There is a tendency in the modern world for people to respond to world conflict by saying, “We should go to the United Nations.” As if the United Nations has the answers to world conflict, peace, starvation, and AIDS/HIV. In the past decade, much has been revealed about the United Nations, and many people tend to ignore that there was an Oil For Food scandal that implicated high ranking officials as using the program to enrich themselves, or their relatives, to the detriment of the intended sanctions against Iraq and the brutal dictator, Saddam Hussein. So it comes as no surprise that&nbsp.when Rwanda was calling for help in 1994, when no one responded, one of the harshest critics of the lack of response was a man on the front lines in Rwanda, Romeo Dallaire, who was Commander of UN Forces in Rwanda in 1994.&nbsp.&nbsp.

 

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I need help creating a thesis and an outline on Practicum Management Assignment. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. Effects of Man d Nurse-Patient Ratios Man d nurse-patient ratios in the Unites s have prompted a lot of deliberations and debates among the members of the healthcare community. Since California passed the Safe Staffing Act of 1999, many discussions for and against this issue have been brought to the healthcare forum. Proponents of the mandate have enumerated various benefits of this legislative imposition that have benefited patient care and have improved the lives of nurses in the United States. These proponents have argued that as regards patient care, fewer patients assigned to each nurse ensure better care and attention. Nurses are able to focus their attention on fewer patients. They are able to concentrate on their patients’ needs, safety, and individual care. In a study submitted to the Alabama Nurse Journal, it was established that the mandated nurse patient ratio has managed to improve patient safety and has also improved the quality of care given to patients. There has also been a decrease in mortality rates, lesser medical errors, and decreased rates in pneumonia, thrombosis, urinary tract infection, gastrointestinal bleeding, shock, and pressure ulcers. Hospital stay was also shorter for patients.

Many hospitals in America argue that the mandated nurse-patient ratio cuts into a large part of the hospital budget. They argue that increasing staffing costs will eventually reduce patient access to healthcare. According to them, this mandate does not take into account the individual needs of the patient or the skills and characteristics of the nurse or the hospital. They also argue that hospitals are very much committed to providing quality patient care while still utilizing safe staffing levels, however, they feel that legally imposing nurse-patient ratios does not ‘allow for fluctuations in the supply of nurses and does not account for new technology’ introduced into healthcare (Lewis, 2005). Hospitals declare that mandated nurse-patient ratios are inflexible impositions on healthcare. Hospitals are forced to finance the obligatory increase in nursing staff and in the end, they may not be able to afford this cost. Hospital closures may follow.

Nurses’ associations have a mixed reaction to this mandate. Some associations support the mandate, declaring that their lives have greatly improved. They are less stressed due to the decrease in their caseloads. Some unions have declared that this mandate has helped improve patient safety and has increased the job satisfaction of nurses. Nurses are now able to take day-offs and are not required to render mandatory overtime during busy work days. Before this mandate, nurses have been known to render mandatory overtime and work long busy shifts. This has raised safety concerns for the patients who are saddled with bleary-eyed exhausted nurses. However, some nurses and nursing associations opine that this mandate may be seen by hospitals as the future standard, that what is applicable today may be seen as applicable tomorrow even when circumstances change. They also argue that this mandate does not take patient acuity into consideration. Some nurses in the ICU feel that taking care of just two very sick patients can take up all their time, and they feel that during these times, more nurses may be needed. There are also other times when a nurse in the medical-surgical unit may be taking care of five patients who are not very sick. These situations imply that indeed a greater flexibility in the ratio may be needed. However, nurses and most nurses’ associations believe that a mandated nurse-patient ratio may just be the nudge that hospitals need to hire more nurses. They agree that this may be the ‘only choice in a system where hospitals currently hold nearly autocratic power in staffing decisions’ (Bartolomeo, 2001).

The important point that many nurses, hospitals, and nurses’ associations put forth is that there is a need to mandate a nurse-patient ratio for better patient care and improved job satisfaction. The question on the ideal and correct nurse-patient ratio is a crucial question that needs critical research and analysis. The need to balance cost of staffing and the economic viability of hospitals need also to be taken into consideration. All in all, the ultimate end of improving the quality of patient care is the bottom-line that all nurses and hospitals should aim for at all costs.

Reference

ANA Commends IOM Report Outlining Critical Role of Nursing Work Environment in Patient

Safety. (2004). Alabama Nurse. Montgomery, Alabama: Alabama State Nurses

Association.

Bartolomeo, Christina. (2001). Healthcare Professionals see the Benefits and Pitfalls. American

Federation of Teachers. Washington: AFL-CIO

Legislatively mandated patient-nurse ratios. (2006). HIMSS Position Statement. Retrieved 18

June, 2008 from www.himss.org/advocacy/ContentRedirector.asp?ContentId=65838

Lewis, Katherine. (2005). Nurse to patient ratios. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Health Policy

Forum.

Skidmore, Sarah. (2005). Nurse-patient Ratio Mandate Upheld. San Diego Tribune. California:

Union-Tribune Publishing Co.

Snowbeck, Christopher. (2006). Debate Centers on whether Nurse-to-Patient Ratios should be

Mandated. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: PG Publishing Co.

Stuenkel, Lori. (2004). Nurse Mandate Stretches Saint Louise’s Resources. The Gilroy Dispatch.

Gilroy, California: MainStreet Media Group.

 

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I need help creating a thesis and an outline on Portland CEM1 Cement/Silica Fume. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. They are available with different silicon dioxide concentrations depending on the purity of the silicon metal being produced. It would be convenient if silica fumes are integrated to the cement mixtures. Studies have shown that silica fumes strengthen concrete structures. This experiment aimed to determine establish the effect of replacing percentages of cement with silica fume.

Objectives

The main objective of this experiment is to determine the effect of the utilization of silica fume in the production of Portland cement.

This experiment specifically aims to:

1.produce three concrete mixes. Mix 1, Mix 2A and Mix 2B containing 0, 5, and 10% silica fume respectively.

2.and test the fabricated mixes in terms of slump test, maximum load, flexural strength, stress test, and compressive strength under European standards.

Review of Related Literature

Silica fumes are by-product of the manufacture of silicon metals or ferrosilicon alloys (Dunster 2009). It is called various names such as silica dust and microsilica (Kuennen 1996). This is because it consists of very fine spherical glassy particles. Its silicon dioxide content ranges from 61 to 98 percent depending on the silicon purity of the metal from which production the silica fumes are collected (ACI Committee 2000). Silica fume was first characterized in the 1950s. It was discovered to be harmful to the environment in the 1970s (Dunster 2009). Because of this, it has been a concern to use it instead of releasing it as an air-pollution. Silica fumes are lighter that cement, having density of about 2200 kg/m3 while that of the latter is 3100 kg/m3. Its surface area ranges from 13,000 to 30,000 m2/ kg while that of cement is 300 to 400 m2/ kg (ACI Committee 2000). Because of these properties, silica fume particles pack in between larger cement particle which enhances mechanical performance and chemical resistance of concrete. For example, silica fume decreases chloride penetration of concrete (Kuennen 1996). This property makes it suitable construction material for bridges, decks and other specialized structures since it reduces harmful effects of chloride in salt water, other chemicals and abrasions. In general, hardened silica fume concrete has lower permeability, improved durability, greater resistance to abrasion and impact, higher flexural strength, compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. Silica fume can also be added to concretes containing micro-fibers for explosive applications such as those involving exposure to fire (Dunster 2009). Studies show that the higher the silicon dioxide content of silica fumes, the more reactive it is with concrete (ACI Committee 2000). Materials and Equipment Raw Materials The raw materials used for this experiment were CEM 1 Portland cement, coarse aggregate, silica fume and water. Slump Test (British Standard Institution 2009) Most important equipment for the slump test was the mould. It was made of metal so it would not be readily attacked by cement paste. Its wall was at least 1.5mm thick. It was also smooth and free from projections and dents as required by the standard procedure. Its shape was a hollow frustum of a cone with base diameter of 200 mm, top diameter of 100 mm and height of 300 mm. The base and top were both right angles to the axis such that both were perfectly horizontal and parallel to each other. It had a base that it can be securely clamped to and two handles near the top. A compacting rod was also used in the experiment. It was straight and made of steel with a diameter of 16 mm and length of 600 mm. It was a straight rod with rounded ends. A square-mouthed shovel and a container were used for the remixing of sample before filling of mould. As required, the container was a flat tray made of a non-absorbent rigid material.

 

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I need help creating a thesis and an outline on Piezometers for Measuring the Water Table to Monitor Landslides. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. Appropriate design of the drainage system is possible only if the water flow pattern within the rock mass is understood. and for this purpose, the measurement of hydraulic conductivity and water pressure is carried out.

Piezometers are used for measuring water pressure within a slope in order to control the stability of the slope by drainage. Piezometers are devices that are sealed within the ground, generally in boreholes. They respond only to groundwater pressure in the immediate vicinity and not to groundwater pressure at other locations. Piezometers can also be used to measure the in situ hydraulic conductivity of rock masses, using variable head tests (Wyllie et al, 2004: 120).

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of piezometers in preventing landslides, identify the different types of piezometers, examine the advantages and disadvantages of each type of piezometers, compare the type of soil that they can be used in, and their applications.

Piezometers measure groundwater pressures, which is useful for “effective stress stability analyses of landslides and to observe the variation of pore pressure vertically in the landslide” (Cornforth, 2005: 82). Certain factors have to be taken into consideration when planning a piezometer installation to measure water pressures on a rock slope. It is important that the drill hole should intersect the discontinuities in which the groundwater is likely to be flowing. For example, the hole should intersect the persistent beds in the sedimentary rock which has low persistence joints. Zones of fractured or sheared rock should be located for positioning the completion zone of the piezometer since the groundwater flow would be more concentrated in these areas. The length of the completion zone in rock is usually longer than in soil, because of the requirement to intersect discontinuities. Fault zones are geological features. if they contain crushed rock they act as conduits for groundwater, or if they contain clay gouge, they may act as barriers to groundwater flow (Wyllie et al, 2004: 120).

 

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I need help creating a thesis and an outline on Pacific Asian Art: The Interactions of Dynastic Cultures. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. This incident not merely made it possible for a large number of Western travelers to witness the majestic country of China than ever before. It was the source also of a dramatic contributory consequence, because of the proliferation of railways in China itself, specifically in the Northern provinces, which were the hub of the Empire in ancient ages. The disturbance of the earth due to engineering works resulted in a wealth of concrete or physical evidence of a culture previously known entirely from literary reserves. It now turned out to be probable to appreciate as never been centuries ago, not merely the literature, philosophy, and history, but as well as the art of ancient China (ibid).

On the other hand, Japanese art has been showcased in Europe in large quantities which were mostly porcelains carried by Dutch traders from Nagasaki, and oftentimes made to order for export. The art of making porcelain in Japan was learned later and never has emerged as others accomplished to be hailed nationally unique and distinctive. Some Japanese porcelain is remarkable of fine quality but they exhibit how triumphantly the Japanese can borrow from the Chinese when they are unable or unskilled to make an art of their own (Ledoux 1927). Meanwhile, for the pottery, it is a different story. Here the continental impact came prematurely, from Korea rather than from the Far East, and the pottery of Japan developed racial attributes until a greater part of it became meticulously distinctive and uphold of charisma and lure all of its own. Particular kinds remained obvious replicas of Chinese varieties, others did not. yet in neither instance does Japanese pottery somewhat equal in appearance and excellence its continental forebears. It does extremely well in a congenial manner of permitting the&nbsp.personality of the creator to materialize in his craft. In uniquely Japanese pottery one senses the individuality of the maker, a connection of communion is forged and lifeless clay appears vibrant with life.&nbsp.

 

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