1 postsRe: Topic 2 DQ 2

Global health issues are those that have significant impact on the health of the international communities which may be either a preventable or treatable infectious disease or chronic conditions (Maurer & Smith, 2013, p.118).Health disparities occur among countries from developed to underdeveloped countries wherein the former would usually have more resources and economic stability. The standard of health care being provided to citizens of higher-income countries are higher than those of the middle-income and lower-income countries (Maurer & Smith, 2013, p.114).

One of the major health problems is due to malnutrition. It is because of many reasons such as poverty, illiteracy, lack of awareness about nutritional facts, commercialization of food industry, improper agricultural Technics to grow food products, formation of bad eating habits, etc. To maintain a healthy community, it is important to coordinate many resources.

Poverty is one of the main problems for malnutrition in developing nations. But as a developed country improper commercialization in food industry is the major cause of unbalanced nourishment. As a human nature, taste is the main fact of developing eating habit. Modern industrialists manufacture food products focusing on the sales opportunity. This made them give less value of nutritional facts and supplemented with taste. The introduction of tasty food with less nutritional value attracted even those people in developed countries and started a tendency in the formation of bad eating habits. Lack of awareness and misleading advertisements promoted the sales and thus more and more people developed eating habits with unhealthy food.

Modern food industry introduced newer technologies to grow crops faster both in live stocks and agriculture. The uncontrolled use of steroids and pesticides developed a major role in malnutrition. Those food products manufactured in such adverse conditions drained the nutritional facts and the percentage of hazardous products in food became dominant so that the body system is no longer be able to absorb the nutrition from such food products.

Another major fact in malnutrition is the economy. As people are not able to meet their daily needs due to inflation, many were looking for cheaper products for the use in their daily life. Such instances developed low quality food consuming habit disregarding the adverse aspects such as health problems.

The awareness of food nutritional facts and availability of economically affordable quality food in low income communities are one of the best remedies for the problem.

Reference

Maurer, F. & Smith, C. (2013). Community public health nursing practice. Fifth edition. pp. 114-118, 491. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

In-Iw, S., Saetae, T., & Manaboriboon, B. (2012). The Effectiveness of School-Based Nutritional Education Program among Obese Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Study. International Journal of Pediatrics, 1-5. doi:10.1155/2012/608920

 

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4 postsRe: Topic 3 DQ 1

A vulnerable population is a group of people who need special considerations in regard to their health and overall welfare (Falkner, 2018).Vulnerable populations are individuals who are not able to advocate for themselves due to physical, cognitive or mental disability, emotionally unstable people, children and incarcerated individuals.These populations usually have several social determinants of health(SDOH) that contribute to their vulnerability.These SDOH can include poverty, socioeconomic status, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation and no insurance or the underinsured.

 In the United States there are many vulnerable populations.One group that gets a significant amount of media coverage is the lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender/questioning (LGBTQ) population.The inequality and hardship this group often encounters within the medical community and the higher instance of medical conditions such as Hepatitis B, HIV and AIDS is what makes this population considered vulnerable (Falkner, 2018).In the US, it is estimated that 10 million adults identify as LGBTQ (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2018).Many individuals within the population have reported prejudice from medical providers, leading to reluctance to seek care or delay in treatment due to the bias experienced.The stigma in society, discrimination and failure to recognize the unique civil and human rights deters individual self-determination and access to care which causes negative health outcomes and overall increase in morbidity and mortality (ANA, 2018).All nurses, not just CHN need to understand their own preconceptions and bias when caring for this vulnerable population.Ethically, nurses have a responsibility to provide safe, competent care to all individuals regardless of age, sex, sexual preference, race, ethnicity or socioeconomic status.

 

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3 postsRe: Topic 4 DQ 1

The US health system is complex and can be difficult to understand. The system is run by different organizations of private and public entities. Public health system service provision is done mainly by the government working collaboratively with the community nonprofit and faith-based organizations (Green, 2018). Private health care is provided in hospitals, outpatients, mental health, home care, wellness center, long term or residential and other alternative medicine setting (Green, 2018). Nurses, physicians and other professionals are responsible for providing services to patients both in the private and public sector (Kahn, 2011).

According to the National Health Expenditures in 2014, 48 % of health care spending came from private funds, with 28% coming from households and 20 % from coming from private businesses. Financing of health care remains a big challenge in the United States. It is a major topic of debate everyday by politicians, insurance companies and those receiving services. One main method of financing is individuals must pay out of their pocket for services they receive, and most people cannot afford the cost. Most people can receive health service through their health insurance coverage. Health insurance is provided by the government or private company to ensure payment is made for healthcare services such as illnesses, injuries and health conditions (De lew et al. 1992).

Although, the US have the highest expenditure in the world for the provision of health service, however, they do not perform particularly well in terms of gross health outcome (Ridic et al. 2012). The main contributor in the weakness of the American health care outcomes is the fact there are 42 million of American without healthcare insurance. (De lew et al. 1992). This impedes a lot of people to access health care when most needed particularly people on low income bracket. They go to hospital when they are very sick. Another issue with health care provision in America is the inability to control of cost. The advantage of the America health care system is the advanced state of technology. Premature babies have high chance of survival in the US because of advanced technology, high life expectancy after 80 years compares to other countries and US is world leader in pharmaceutical innovation (Ridic et al. 2012).

The reforms resulting from the Affordable Care Act (ACA) over the past years have led to increase in health care coverage. According to Martin et al. (2014), about 20 -22 million individuals have obtained health care insurance since 2010 through the expansion of Medicaid and other policy adjustment. However, there still more than 25 million of US residents without health insurance. It is hoped that health care professionals, politicians and the general public will conclude that health care is a basic right for every person and not a privilege for few people. The solution to achieve this goal is a justified cause for modern society to be judged as fair.

References

 

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4 postsRe: Topic 4 DQ 2

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was signed into law by President Barack Obama in March 2010, or the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), is the healthcare reform legislation, the regulatory rebuild of the U.S. healthcare system, mostly known for the expansion of coverage.

States gane the authority to expand eligibility for Medicaid to persons under the age of 65 if the family income is below 133% of the federal poverty level (Falkner, 2018). Also, health insurance companies cannot deny the health care coverage because of pre-existing conditions and keeping them at the same rate as for others. The plans must include coverage for 10 essential health benefits, such as outpatient/inpatient, ER, prescription drugs, labs, mental health and more (https://www.healthcare.org).

The objectives set in the SEC. 2402, of Affordable Care Act, Removal of Barriers to Providing Home and Community-Based Services, are aimed to the improvement of the community care. The Federal Human Services to promulgate regulations to ensure that all States develop service systems that are designed to – allocate resources, provide strategies, provide the support and coordination (https://www.hhs.gov).

As the whole health care system attention shifting towards outpatient and community care, following the ACA, the number of new community health centers expanding, more nursing jobs are opening up in this area of services. The demand for nurses, is growing nationwide in the rate that faster than average for all occupations, especially for nurses in home care, case management and community health care. Affordable Care Act authorizes funding for nursing development programs and loan repayment programs for nurses to help with preparation of the nursing workforce to meet the demand.

ACA’s grants are given to develop Nurse-Managed Health Clinic, which are nurse-managed, by advanced practice nurses, health clinic that provides comprehensive primary care or wellness services to underserved or vulnerable populations (https://www.hhs.gov).

The nurses’ role in the implementing this law is in achieving higher education, expanding the scope of practice, and extension the primary and community care to nurses while improving the quality of services at the lower cost.

 

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The Affordable Care Act (ACA) otherwise known as Obamacare, is a legislative health care provider that aims to improve the financial burdens that communities face. It creates an incentive for employers to provide health insurance and requires that nearly all people not covered by their employer or a government insurance program, enroll in Medicare or Medicaid, or purchase private health insurance (Schrek 2016).

      The most important element regarding this Act is the pre-existing condition coverage. It means that Health insurers can no longer deny coverage or charge more for services, once the insurance is bought and there’s a pre-existing condition like cancer or diabetes (U.S Department of Health & Human Services, 2017). This Act also aims to provide health insurance for those who would not have otherwise had the money. The role of the community and public health is to offer pre-screening for diseases, preventative care, and low-cost services that will benefit all the people.

      The role of the nurse in implementing this law is to advocate for patients to seek accessible health care and to seek preventative care even if they are healthy. For example, holding Fairs and Health information sessions to help with educating the community about vaccinations for the flu virus during the flu season, pre-screening for high blood pressure and annual health checks. Nurses play a role in the mission of the ACA, nationally and globally, provide equitable health care and the reduction of health disparities (Green 2018). The nursing profession is crucial in educating and taking care of the public. The American Nurses Association (ANA), is very supportive of the Affordable Care Act and upholds any court decisions. The ANA is “actively engaging with federal policymakers and regulators to advocate for system transformation” (ANA 2014).

 

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