When we analyze businesses and see companies such as Walmart, Tata, and Amazon, we can observe how they are able to expand their operations to various regions and countries. We can also ascertain how they utilize technology and resources to operate in national, international, and local markets. The simplest answer we can provide is foreign direct investment, also known as FDI, which is a global driver of economic integration and development.
Foreign direct investment (FDI)
It has the power to provide companies and governments access to new market opportunities, along with less technological analysis of the phenomenon.
In a straightforward manner, foreign direct investment (FDI) is when an individual or a country invests in a business or asset that may not be located in their own country. This means investing in another country. It is quite different from buying stocks or bonds of a foreign company in the stock market. FDI has broader implications, as you may own and control some part of the business.
Business situated in another country
Opt for an option of FDI; it is a cross-border investment that depends on long-lasting interest and control in foreign enterprises. For example, if you are living in India and decide to open a startup in the United States or another country, that is an example of foreign direct investment. You can directly invest resources, along with money, in a business situated in another country. This can take place due to various rationality.
Some people may want to forge potential growth in a foreign land, while others may wish to be involved in a more developed ecosystem. This can be due to various reasons, such as the availability of skilled human resources in that foreign land.
Technology knowledge skills and ….
Now we have to understand what is the role of FDI. Economic development and growth can be achieved through direct investment and it also develops to Nation the host countries or the investor it also transfers various aspects across the border such as Technology knowledge skills and it also develops an environment that can take place.
Four types of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
There are mainly four types of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). One of them is vertical FDI, which is an investment in a foreign country where various stages of the production process can be achieved through cost efficiency. Another type is platform FDI, which involves investing internationally to leverage various levels of exports and serve as an export hub.
Horizontal FDI refers to expanding your operations overseas to replicate an existing production system that you have already established. In contrast, conglomerate FDI involves venturing into diverse industries specifically in a foreign market to rise to the next level.
Speak about some examples of direct investment. For instance, a Japanese car manufacturer decided to build their factory in Korea to produce vehicles that can serve the Korean market.
Type of direct investment
They may acquire versatile things such as land and infrastructure, buy some equipment, hire workers, and establish factories. This is a type of direct investment where a company directly invests in the Korean economy.
Another example for the technology sector is a Silicon Valley-based company that wanted to establish their research and development center somewhere in the Philippines. They wanted to fund a set of facilities and also conduct research to hire local talent and develop new products to improve existing ones. This kind of investment brings capital to the Philippines, along with a transfer of technology knowledge and contributes to the growth of these tech industries.
The benefits of FDI?
What are the benefits of FDI? First of all, we have been highlighting that it is fundamental to faster economic growth. It brings capital, technology, and exports from a foreign country to developing countries. It is also something we need to emphasize for those countries that are underdeveloped or developing, where job creation can take place, and host countries may reduce their unemployment. Beneficial for the country’s development.
As we have already given the example of the Philippines, if a Silicon Valley company wanted to establish a research and development center there, it would bring various potential for growth and technology transfer. This would enhance productivity and competitiveness. Furthermore, it would also develop and focus on infrastructure, as foreign investors may contribute to roads, ports facilities, and utilities, which would be beneficial for the country’s development.
Issues in the foreign country
As we have already highlighted, how fit I can be something that brings potential prosperity to a country, specifically the host country. All foreign investment flows can be highly vulnerable and fluctuate; if there are issues in the foreign country, it can impact the host country as well.
It can be a dismissive aspect. Along with that, we have also depicted that foreign investors sometimes exploit local resources and labor, which may be detrimental to the environment and affect the economic aspect.
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https://academhelper.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/image.png646975developerhttps://academhelper.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/logoAH-300x60.pngdeveloper2025-03-30 16:38:452025-03-30 16:38:56Role of foreign direct investment in the economy of developing countries
Plagiarism, at its core, is theft. It involves using someone else’s work—their ideas, words, or creations—and presenting it as your own without giving proper credit. This can range from directly copying entire paragraphs to subtler forms like paraphrasing without citation. Essentially, plagiarism creates a kind of intellectual debt, falsely claiming ownership of something that isn’t yours.
This article will explore how to avoid plagiarism by highlighting key strategies such as proper citation, careful paraphrasing, and using plagiarism detection tools. Whether you’re working on an essay, research paper, or any form of writing, knowing how to give credit where it’s due is essential.
Key Takeaways
Plagiarism involves taking someone else’s ideas or words and presenting them as your own, making it essential to recognize and avoid this ethical violation.
There are multiple types of plagiarism, including direct copying, improper paraphrasing, and self-plagiarism, all of which can have serious academic and professional consequences.
Proper citation using formats like APA or MLA ensures that credit is given to original sources, preventing misrepresentation and maintaining credibility.
Plagiarism detection tools such as Turnitin and Grammarly help identify unoriginal content, but ethical writing habits are the key to genuine originality.
Avoiding plagiarism requires careful research, accurate citations, and responsible paraphrasing to produce work that reflects integrity and respect for intellectual property.
Different Types of Plagiarism
Plagiarism is not always intentional, but it takes many forms, all of which can lead to serious consequences.
Direct Plagiarism: Copying text word for word without citing the original source is the most obvious form of plagiarism.
Mosaic Plagiarism: This happens when someone takes phrases or sentences from multiple sources and combines them without proper attribution, making it seem like original work.
Paraphrasing Without Citing: Even if you change the wording, using someone else’s ideas without citing the source is still plagiarism.
Self-Plagiarism: Reusing your own past work without citing it can also be problematic, especially in academic settings where originality is required.
Many students and professionals fall into these traps by accident, often due to poor research habits or rushing through assignments. Being careful with note-taking and proofreading can help avoid these mistakes. One way to prevent unintentional plagiarism is by learning effective note-taking techniques, which help you keep track of sources and organize ideas clearly.
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Why Plagiarism is a Serious Issue
Plagiarism isn’t just about breaking rules—it’s an ethical issue with real-world consequences. When you submit work without citing sources, you misrepresent ideas of others as your own. Whether you’re still in school or in a professional setting, failing to acknowledge sources can damage your reputation and credibility.
Citing sources properly—whether using APA, MLA, or another style—is essential for academic integrity. Failure to do so can result in failing grades, disciplinary action, job loss, or even legal trouble, depending on the situation. Submitting work that includes uncited material is a serious breach of trust and can have lasting consequences.
Plagiarism is more common than many people realize. Studies suggest that a high percentage of students have engaged in some form of academic dishonesty at least once. This highlights the need for better awareness and stronger research habits to maintain integrity in writing.
How Technology Detects Plagiarism
With advanced plagiarism detection tools like Turnitin and Grammarly, it’s easier than ever to identify copied content. These tools scan work against vast databases of online sources, academic papers, and published materials to flag similarities.
While these tools help maintain academic honesty, they also raise questions about originality and how work is evaluated. Some students and professionals rely too heavily on these checkers instead of focusing on writing ethically from the start. Remember, avoiding plagiarism isn’t just about passing a software scan—it’s about giving proper credit and making sure your work respects the intellectual property of others.
By using sources responsibly, citing correctly, and ensuring originality, you can maintain credibility and produce work that reflects your own insights. Ethical writing not only helps you avoid plagiarism but also strengthens your arguments and builds trust with your audience.
How to Avoid Plagiarism: 5 Effective Strategies for Your Writing
Plagiarism can harm your academic and professional reputation. To prevent it, you need to cite sources properly, paraphrase correctly, and manage your research carefully. Students working on research projects should also focus on writing a clear thesis summary to ensure their main argument is original and well-supported by properly cited sources.
Below, we will go through each step in detail to help you maintain originality and integrity in your work.
1. Take Notes the Right Way to Avoid Accidental Plagiarism
Ever find yourself second-guessing whether a sentence in your paper is something you wrote or something you read? This is a common problem when you’re writing research-based work. The good news is that taking notes properly can help you avoid plagiarism. Here’s how to do it effectively.
Stay Organized to Keep Track of Your Sources
A well-structured note-taking system is key to avoiding confusion. When you gather information from different sources like books, journal articles, and websites, make sure to record the source details immediately. Include the author’s name, title, publication date, and page number. This prevents last-minute scrambling for citations, which often leads to sloppy research and accidental plagiarism.
Using sources correctly also means keeping your own thoughts separate from what you find. A good way to do this is by using different colors or labels for direct quotes, paraphrased content, and your own ideas. Always mark whether a note is a direct quote (using quotation marks), a paraphrase, or your own analysis. This simple habit makes sure your citations are accurate and complete.
5 Easy Note-Taking Tips to Avoid Plagiarism
Here are five practical ways to keep your notes clean and plagiarism-free:
Keep Sources Separate: Take notes from each source in its own section to avoid mixing up information.
Use Quotation Marks for Direct Quotes: Anytime you copy and paste, enclose the text in quotation marks and note the source.
Paraphrase the Right Way: Don’t just replace words with synonyms. Rewrite the idea completely in your own words and cite the source.
Record Citations Immediately: Whether you use APA, MLA, or another style, note all citation details while researching to make sure your citations are correct later.
Make Room for Your Own Ideas: Dedicate a section in your notes for your interpretations and arguments. This ensures your work remains original and distinct from your sources.
A simple table of contents in your notes can also help organize your research and make it easy to find information when writing your paper.
Avoid These Common Mistakes
Even with the best intentions, some habits can put you at risk of plagiarism. Watch out for these mistakes:
Copy and Paste Without Attribution: Never paste text into your notes without marking it as a quote and noting the source.
Losing Track of Sources: Without proper documentation, you may end up unable to cite correctly, which can lead to plagiarism.
Paraphrasing Too Closely: Changing a few words while keeping the structure of the original text is still plagiarism. Always rewrite ideas in a completely new way.
2. Paraphrasing Correctly: More Than Just Using Synonyms
Many students believe that replacing words with synonyms is enough to avoid plagiarism. This is a common mistake. Effective paraphrasing requires more than just changing a few words—it also requires restructuring sentences and presenting ideas in a new way while giving credit to the original author.
How to Paraphrase Without Plagiarizing
Paraphrasing means understanding the original source and expressing its ideas in your own words. Think of it as explaining something to a friend—you wouldn’t repeat the text word for word but would instead put it in a way that makes sense to you. Here’s how to do it properly:
Read and Understand – Carefully read the original source until you fully grasp its meaning. Take notes on the key points without copying sentences.
Put the Source Away – Set the original text aside to avoid unintentional copying. This helps you keep your writing original.
Rewrite in Your Own Words – Without looking at the source, write the main ideas in a way that fits your style. Change the sentence structure and organization of ideas.
Compare and Revise – Check your version against the original to ensure you’ve made enough changes. If the wording or structure is too similar, revise further.
Add Citations – Even if you paraphrase, you must acknowledge the original author with proper citations.
Examples: Right vs. Wrong Paraphrasing
Original Sentence: “The rapid advancement of technology has significantly impacted modern communication.“
Incorrect Paraphrase (Plagiarism): “The swift progress of technology has greatly affected contemporary communication.” (This only swaps words without changing structure.)
Correct Paraphrase: “Technology is evolving quickly, changing the way people communicate in today’s world.” (This version restructures the sentence while keeping the meaning intact.)
3. Citing Sources Correctly
Citations are essential for academic honesty and credibility. They show that you have researched thoroughly and are engaging with existing knowledge. In this part, we’ll go over how to correctly use major citation styles like APA style, MLA, and Chicago. We’ll also provide examples for citing different sources, such as journal articles, books, and websites.
Choosing the Right Citation Style
Different fields use different citation styles. APA style is common in the social sciences, MLA is widely used in the humanities, and Chicago style, known for its footnotes and endnotes, is often preferred in history and related disciplines. Each style guide has specific rules for in-text citations and reference lists.
Regardless of the style, all citations must include key details like the author’s name, publication year, and title. In-text citations typically contain the author’s name and date, linking to a complete reference in the bibliography.
Formatting References Correctly
A well-organized reference list makes it easy for readers to verify sources. Each entry should include:
Author name(s)
Title of the work
Publication date
Page numbers (if applicable)
URL (for online sources)
Incorrect or incomplete citations can make your work seem unreliable. Whether you’re interviewing experts, summarizing research, or quoting sources, you must acknowledge the original author and follow the correct citation format.
Handling Special Cases
Certain sources require extra attention:
Multiple Authors – Citation rules vary depending on the number of authors and style guide.
Interviews – Even if unpublished, cite the interviewee and date.
Online Sources Without Page Numbers – Use paragraph numbers or section headings when required by the citation style.
Using Citation Tools Wisely
Tools like Grammarly, EasyBib, and Zotero can help manage citations. These tools generate references in various formats, but you should always double-check them against the official style guide to ensure accuracy. Ultimately, you are responsible for making sure your citations are correct.
Quoting and Paraphrasing Properly
Quotations – Use quotation marks and cite the source when directly quoting an author’s words.
Paraphrasing – Rewrite ideas in your own words and sentence structure while still crediting the original source.
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4. Incorporating Quotations Ethically and Effectively
Quotations are valuable tools for supporting arguments and adding credibility to any piece of writing. However, using them correctly requires more than just adding quotation marks. You must integrate them smoothly, provide proper attribution, and ensure they enhance your work rather than replace your own analysis.
When to Quote and When to Paraphrase
Knowing whether to quote directly or paraphrase is essential for ethical writing. Use a direct quotation when the original wording is particularly impactful or unique. Quotation marks around the author’s exact words indicate that you are using their expression verbatim.
For example, a memorable line from Game of Thrones should be quoted directly, as paraphrasing might lose its impact. However, if the wording is not crucial, paraphrasing is a better option, as it allows you to express the idea in your own language while still giving credit to the original author.
Even when paraphrasing, you must acknowledge the source. Simply changing a few words using synonyms does not make the content your own.
Formatting Short Quotations
For quotations under 40 words (in most citation styles like APA and MLA), enclose the quoted material in quotation marks and integrate it into your sentence:
According to Smith (2023), “Effective citation is essential for academic integrity.”
Make sure to include an in-text citation and a corresponding entry in your reference list.
Formatting Block Quotations
For longer quotations (40 words or more), format them as block quotations by indenting the entire passage, omitting quotation marks, and placing the citation after the final punctuation:
Smith (2023) states:
Effective citation ensures academic integrity and prevents plagiarism. It allows
researchers to build on established knowledge while properly acknowledging the
contributions of others. Without proper citation, the integrity of academic
work is compromised. (p. 45)
Block quotations should be used sparingly and only when necessary to present critical evidence.
Using Ellipses and Brackets
Ellipses (…) indicate omitted words within a quotation, while brackets [ ] are used to clarify or modify words to fit your sentence.
Original: “Students are learning how to cite correctly.”
Modified: “Students [must learn] how to cite correctly.”
These tools help integrate sources into your writing without unduly altering meaning.
Quoting a Quotation
When quoting a source that includes another quotation, use single quotation marks within double quotation marks:
As Jones (2022) notes, “Smith argued, ‘The Earth is round.’”
This ensures accurate attribution while maintaining proper formatting.
Using Signal Phrases
Signal phrases introduce quotations and provide context. Common examples include:
“According to Smith…”
“Jones argues that…”
“As Johnson states…”
These phrases help integrate sources into your writing and clarify authorship.
Common Quotation Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
Misrepresenting Meaning: Avoid taking quotations out of context or selectively omitting information to alter their original intent. Clearly indicate any changes using ellipses or brackets.
Lack of Context: Always explain why a quotation is relevant to your argument.
Incorrect Formatting: Follow citation guidelines (e.g., APA, MLA) precisely. Resources like Purdue OWL can help ensure accuracy.
5. Using Technology to Detect and Prevent Plagiarism
Technology provides valuable tools to help avoid plagiarism, but it’s important to understand their strengths and limitations. While these tools assist in checking for content similarity and ensuring proper citations, they do not replace ethical writing and thorough research.
Plagiarism checkers like Turnitin and Grammarly are commonly used in academic and professional settings. These tools scan your document against databases of web pages, journal articles, and academic papers to detect similarities. They then generate a similarity percentage, highlighting sections that closely resemble other sources.
A high similarity score does not automatically mean plagiarism. These checkers flag direct quotations and properly cited paraphrases, which can inflate the similarity percentage. For example, a correctly cited quote in APA or MLA format may still be marked as a match. It’s your responsibility to review the report, verify citations, and address any real concerns.
AI-Generated Content and Ethical Challenges
AI tools like ChatGPT create another layer of complexity in avoiding plagiarism. If you use AI-generated text, you must properly cite it. Using AI content without attribution is considered plagiarism, even if you modify the wording.
Institutions are developing policies to address this new challenge, and plagiarism may result in serious academic penalties. To avoid issues, make sure to cite AI-generated content just as you would any other source.
Using Technology Effectively: A Step-by-Step Guide
Here’s how to integrate technology into your writing process responsibly:
Start with Proper Research: Take clear notes and follow citation guidelines (APA, MLA, etc.) from the beginning. Clearly label direct quotations to separate them from your own words and paraphrases.
Run Early Plagiarism Checks: Don’t wait until the last minute. Running your work through a plagiarism checker early gives you time to make corrections. These tools can help you find the original source of any unintentional plagiarism and ensure all sources are cited.
Analyze Similarity Reports Carefully: A high similarity score isn’t necessarily bad. Review flagged content and focus on sections that need citation or revision.
Address False Positives: If original writing is incorrectly flagged, provide evidence such as drafts or research notes. If needed, discuss the report with your instructor.
Use AI Responsibly: If AI tools contributed to your work, clearly label their input and cite them appropriately. AI should support, not replace, your own research and critical thinking.
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The Consequences of Plagiarism and How to Avoid Them
Plagiarism has serious consequences that go beyond a lower grade. It affects academic integrity, professional credibility, and future opportunities. Whether intentional or due to carelessness, failing to properly acknowledge another’s work can lead to lasting damage.
Academic and Professional Risks
In education, plagiarism can result in failing grades, academic probation, or expulsion. Even unintentional plagiarism—such as improperly citing an author’s ideas—can harm a student’s academic record. Understanding ethical source usage is essential to avoiding these risks.
In professional settings, plagiarism can lead to job loss, lawsuits, and reputational damage. A journalist caught using another’s work without credit, for example, could face career-ending consequences. The impact is true whether plagiarism occurs in journalism, business, or research.
Preventing Plagiarism: Key Strategies
To maintain integrity, follow these best practices:
Manage Time Effectively: Rushing increases the risk of plagiarism. Plan ahead to avoid last-minute mistakes.
Take Detailed Notes: Keep clear records that separate original ideas from sourced information. Mark direct quotations and document citations as you research.
Paraphrase Correctly: Restating information isn’t just about changing words or phrases. Rewrite content in your own style while maintaining the original meaning and crediting the source.
Cite All Sources Accurately: Learn the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA) and use in-text citations and reference lists correctly. Always give credit when using another’s work.
Use Plagiarism Detection Tools: Run your work through a plagiarism checker to identify content similarity detection issues and correct potential citation errors.
Proofread Carefully: Reviewing your work isn’t just about grammar—it’s also about ensuring proper attribution and avoiding unintentional plagiarism.
Ask for Guidance: If unsure about citing sources, seek help from an instructor, librarian, or plagiarism policy guide.
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Do you always fail at producing whole pieces of information in exams that you have learned before sitting in the exam? There’s no need to stress because there are hundreds of students like you out there who are bad at memorising and recalling concepts while delivering presentations or writing assignments.
You are most likely thinking that I can’t be good at recalling ideas or reproducing them on paper, no matter how hard I start learning. Hold on for a second and reflect, have you ever pondered on learning techniques after failures? Just learning how to improve memory for exams will turn the tables for you entirely.
Achieve maximum memory retention rate by adopting effective study methods and start scoring good marks on exams.
Decoding How Memory Works While Learning
There are actually three stages stemming from the concept of strong memory retention rate while studying for exams, and any other academic activity like writing an essay for submission, and so on.
Encoding: This is the first stage in the learning process, and in it we convert our sensory perceptions into meaningful representations in the brain. For example, the lecture we have just heard or a book that we have read will first stay in our short term memory and then be forgotten if not consolidated and recalled.
Consolidation: It is the second phase of learning in which the information is transferred from short term memory to long term memory by making a connection between the new knowledge and the things previously learned.
Retrieval: Retrieval is the last and the most important stage where the memory just keeps recalling the information stored in the long-term memory because of continuous repetition.
What is the Difference Between Short and Long Term Memory?
Despite the gap in duration of storing knowledge, there are also some other differences in the short-term memory and the long-term memory in learning. According to Miller’s law, short-term memory can only store up to 7 ± 2 items in it and long-term memory has unlimited storage capacity.
Another case of difference is in their working, short-term memory acts as a transition place from where resting ideas or concepts are transferred to long-term memory. On the other hand, long-term memory stores knowledge to be retrieved whenever the student needs that chunk of information.
Lastly, the difference lies in their working mechanism as short-term memory provides immediate response and helps in reproducing contact number before dialing and long-term memory supports deep learning and provides recall to the mathematical formulas and language a student has learned quite a time ago.
What is the Forgetting Curve?
The concept of the forgetting curve was introduced by a German psychologist, Hermann Ebbinghaus, in the late 19th century to describe the idea of how one forgets the information or knowledge with time stamps indicating the process.
Let’s understand this concept with an example. If a student has just learned the Romeo and Juliet essay topic ideas, then it is most likely that they will forget half of it in the next hour, 70% after a day, and 90% after a week in case of no repetition.
According to the concept of the Forgetting Curve, it happens because the rate of forgetting things is high just after learning about them. The only way to deal with it is using flashcards to boost recall, as well as other cognitive recalling techniques.
Best Study Methods for Memory Retention
If you are ready to learn how to improve memory for exams without wasting your time on ineffective and impractical approaches, then make sure to dive into the below proven strategies and start scoring A+ grades in your university assignment submission.
Feel free to miss any method that is not suitable for you because the “one fits all” approach doesn’t work well in implementing learning strategies for retention. You can also tweak the technique according to your circumstances for getting better results.
Active Recall and Self Testing
You know, instead of covering the whole topic twice or thrice for exam preparation. Using active recalling techniques like using flashcards to keep the knowledge fresh of the ideas you have learned, or even self-guessing works well.
The role of repetition in learning is just to put stress on your mind and make the chunks of information from a larger concept revised in intervals so that you won’t get the concepts slipped out of your hands while writing down your papers.
When you keep testing your memory, it will automatically make the things fresh and provide them whenever you need. Without requiring you to reread the notes or the whole theory completely before the exam.
If you still think that cramming words from first to the last page of the notes or lecture will make your concepts unforgettable. Then you are wrong. After all, it will remain for some time in your short-term memory and then start fading out from your memory because it has no logical link developed between the new and existing knowledge.
Instead of learning everything in one sitting, try to divide the whole into small intervals and then memorise them with complete comprehension, not with a rote learning technique to keep it stored in your memory for years.
Best tips for long-term memory retention also include the 24-hour review rule to get the concepts or ideas instantly at your hand while being in the exam.
Some seasoned educationists consider brain training for students to be the crucial element in boosting memory retention rate while studying. That’s why you need to train your brain using visuals and a map, including the topics and concepts reflecting the relationship between the ideas, to make the memory pick the knowledge for the long term.
You can draw on a board and even on a paper, all the relevant concepts or ideas that you are going to deal with in exams, and make the mind connect the dots between them for a better understanding.
After a few spaced repetition sessions, your mind will work as a browser that can answer your queries quickly due to the solid mapping of knowledge.
You know when PhD students have to write complex economics essays on unilateral free trade, they use the technique of preparing the concepts like they are going to teach a 5-year-old child, and then jump on the writing process.
When you break down complex information or concepts into smaller chunks and easy to understand points for the purpose of teaching someone, your brain automatically gets filled with that specific knowledge and stores it in the long-term memory. So that you can recall the information completely whenever you need it, and that’s what the Feynman technique for effective study advocates.
This technique is focused on making your brain comprehend complex ideas into easy pieces to ensure a maximum retention rate.
Mnemonics and Memory Aids
Students’ most favourite memory boosting techniques include the use of acronyms, initials, rhymes, and so on, to learn ideas or even complex concepts without spending too much time on it. For example, you are going to attend an international relations exam and there is a list of organisation names that you have to remember for dealing with different questions.
Instead of memorising each word of the name, you can just focus on acronyms like Nato for (The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation), Radar (Radio detection and ranging), and even initials for words like DIY (Do it yourself), etc.
This mnemonic for learning is the most effective study method because it makes things easy to learn and remember for the mind due to short and crisp phrases indicating hefty words or terminologies.
Interleaving and Mixing Topics
Instead of using block practice by picking one subject and one niche at one time, and not picking another until it is mastered completely. Try using interleaving and mixing topics by understanding lectures of, let’s say, 3 exams in 3 hours on the same day, and so on.
This diverse learning technique will make your mind work more efficiently and remember things at a faster rate as compared to a slow learning rate in focused study techniques. Interleaving techniques will train your brain to discriminate between complex or contrasting ideas at one time and consolidate both.
For example, instead of learning your chemistry lecture on one day until it is mastered and the physics lecture on the second day, try learning both on a single day for better memory retention.
Factors Affecting Memory Retention While Studying
Along with learning how to improve memory for exams and adopting effective study methods, keeping an eye on factors that can sabotage your whole efforts is also necessary for you to achieve a maximum retention rate.
We have listed the 4 most dangerous factors below, make sure to double check yourself while studying if any of them is affecting you. In case you are getting affected, just adopt the solutions discussed below to achieve the maximum memory retention rate.
If you are making the mistake of sleeping less than usual, just like other students at the time of exams, then surely you are going to forget the freshly learned concepts or ideas. Stop making this mistake if you really want your memory to be more effective while studying for exams, start taking a deep sleep.
According to some research studies, deep sleep helps students consolidate information for a long term, even after the exams have passed. The key tip for you to boost your memory is to have a sound and healthy sleep, especially in the days of exams, to enjoy more productivity and immediate response from your brain cells while sitting in the exam.
Nutrition and Brain Boosting Foods
You can’t improve your memory for exams by being deficient in nutrition and delaying your meals. Especially, when your exams are near, improve your diet and jump on to a healthy diet and lifestyle.
You can add food items like Omega 3, nuts, berries, dark chocolate, etc, in your routine and will feel more energised and motivated when preparing for your exams. Keep your body water level maintained by staying hydrated throughout the day, to get better at cognitive recalling and be more efficient while attempting exams.
Do you want to perform like a well-prepared athlete in your exam without missing out on any point? You need to do exercise regularly, like your favourite athlete (pun intended), but according to your preference.
Some research studies show that students who do regular exercise, like gym, yoga, cycling, and so on, perform better than those who don’t train their body for hustle. You know when you do physical hustle, your mind gets trained or strong along with it as well, and makes you a better decision maker and information recaller.
That’s what you need to be as well to adopt effective study methods and score your dream grades in exams.
You can’t use your memory to its full extent when you are stressed out and feeling low in motivation. That’s why blow the academic stress away by taking coursework writing services to focus on your exams without getting entangled in irrelevant thoughts and unending academic submissions.
You can opt for releasing stress-reducing activities like deep breathing, meditation, and other mindful breaks for achieving maximum memory retention rate while preparing for exams. Don’t ever make the mistake of doing study while dealing with stress because it will affect your energy and memorisation level as well.
How to Create a Perfect Study Environment to Boost Memory?
Creating a perfect study environment may vary according to students’ lifestyle, but there are some common factors as well that are equally beneficial for anyone. You can start improving your memory for exams by eliminating the distractions circling you and then moving on to creating a focused workspace for studying.
Try to create a noiseless and illuminating studying environment to prepare for exams and achieve the maximum recall rate as you need while sitting in exams. Moreover, you can utilise productivity enhancing tools like noise cancellation headphones and so on while studying.
Conclusion
Recalling every bit of information that you have memorised before the exams is necessary to attempt the paper with complete information, and it can be mastered only by learning how to improve memory for exams using effective study methods as mentioned above.
You can train your mind and body as well using the exercise and other techniques for achieving the maximum memory retention rate in exams and standing out among your fellows with a knowledge-packed approach.
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Research writing is not child’s play in which you can write whatever seems right to you and rely on any survey or questionnaire that you have found online while doing preliminary research for your projects.
That’s why you should be aware of what is content validity in research and how you can maintain it while mapping out tests or surveys for writing your dissertations or papers.
It is not limited to forming surveys but can be used to measure the validity of the documents to decide whether to use them or not in your study, based on their efficacy and criterion marks.
Content validity is the process of ensuring whether a specific survey or test meets all the related aspects of the subject or not.
Definition of Content Validity
Content validity is the phenomenon indicating the extent to which a test or measurement tool like a survey, questionnaire, etc, accurately represents the content it is intended to measure.
It is widely used by research review committees of top-ranking academic journals and institutes and by some individual researchers to measure the content accuracy of the student’s dissertation writing, quantitative research studies and so on.
It ensures the tool or assessment test covers all the aspects of the subject being covered. For example, if a hiring manager of the company is conducting a job satisfaction survey to measure the employees’ feelings. Then, it must cover aspects like salary, work-life balance, career growth, relationships with colleagues, and so on.
Types of Measurement Validity
There are 4 types of measurement validity, and content validity is one of them. Let’s look at the other three to know the minor differences between their working mechanism and intended uses to analyse the research studies like case studies discussing the impact of business intelligence on growth.
Keep in mind that all four types are interrelated, so don’t confuse them with each other because there’s a minor difference in each one.
Face Validity: It only measures if the content of the test, which would be in the form of a survey, questionnaire, exam, etc, is suitable for its aims or not. For example, an algebra class test in high school should cover the algebraic equations and other related concepts necessary to make students showcase their expertise.
Criterion Validity: It is only focused on measuring the results’ accuracy based on the outcomes they are intended to measure. For example, you have conducted a job screening test of the candidate, and the score should match the performance of the employee to validate the results.
Construct Validity: It is often confused with content validity, but it is designed to focus on measuring how well a test measures what it is intended to measure. It does not focus on complete content validity and usually compromises if any part of the content is missing or irrelevant in the test.
For example, if a survey is intended to measure the intelligence quotient (IQ) in students of university, then construct validity ensures whether the related ideas or concepts reflect the theoretical understanding of intelligence or not.
What is the Importance of Content Validity in Measuring Research Studies?
Content validity is like the heart of the research studies, especially in evaluating literature review writing or the results and analysis section of any study. It not only testifies to the reliability of the results but also provides data-driven grounds to reviewers in making crucial decisions.
Let’s hop on the elements advocating the importance of content validity in tests and their possible benefits for the researcher and the people involved in that process.
Accuracy Facilitates Decision-Making: You can draw decisive results because content validity ensures that the test is measuring accurately what it is intended to measure.
Powers Up Test Reliability: In the race of reliability vs. validity, it all depends upon the accuracy of the test results validity in order to produce consistent results throughout different tests like surveys, questionnaires, and so on.
Enhances Test Development: When an educator and a researcher hold a firm grip on content validity, then they are more likely to develop effective tests focusing on relevant content areas.
Improves Test Credibility: Research studies that are backed with content validity, ensuring survey accuracy and so on, are more likely to be used by other students or research scholars while deducing their results.
Is Content & Construct Validity Two Sides of the Same Coin?
It is completely wrong to consider content and construct validity as two sides of the same coin because both deal in the same domain, but the extent is different. One is responsible for dealing with surface level assessments, like whether the test is relevant to the concept or ideas being measured.
On the other hand, construct validity is responsible for dealing with the theoretical framework or ideas and their relativeness to measure questionnaires and other tests.
Content Validity
Construct Validity
Definition
It is designed to measure how well a test is covering all relevant parts of the ideas or concept under examination.
It is designed to measure whether a test is measuring the underlying concepts or results associated with the subject matter of the test.
Focus On
Ensuring that a combination of indicators accurately measures or not a construct that is not directly measurable.
Ensuring that a test is measuring what it should be measuring and keeps an eye on all relevant aspects of the concept being measured.
Scope
Its scope is narrow because it only considers the elements of the test and their relationship to the domain of the base concept.
Its scope is broad because it encompasses the underlying concepts and ideas of the test as well to ensure validity.
Examples
A drawing test with figures randomly selected from a workbook has high content validity because the figures are directly picked from the domain of interest.
The same test can be used to establish construct validity, but it will focus on whether this practice will relate to the lab drawings or not because a student needs to draw diagrams in lab using this skill.
How to Measure Content Validity?
There are only 3 steps to measure content validity in research that you need to follow to receive perfect results.
Step 1: Conducting Reviews from Experts
Collecting data from subject matter experts (SMEs) is one of the first steps to ensure content validity in research. What’s better than consulting with experts for test content evaluation?
For example, if you are going to measure the content validity of the psychometric tests, then a panel of expert recruiters would be ideal to assess and evaluate each question and determine whether it is relevant to the theme or not.
If you are measuring survey accuracy for your assignment writing, then you can give this role to your peers and add a note in the document.
Step 2: Measuring Content Validity Ratio (CVR)
In order to measure the content validity ratio (CVR) to find the accuracy level of each question integrated into the test.
You need to use this formula: CVR+ (ne – N/2) / (N/2)
ne = number of panellists indicating “essential”
n = total number of panellists
Example of Content Validity Ratio
You have invited 6 mathematicians to asses a class test of high school students containing 5 questions. 5 of them marked the first question as essential. Now, let’s use the above formula to calculate validity.
CVR = (ne – N/2) / (N/2)
(5 – 6/2) / (6/2)
0.67
Content Validity Ratio Chart
Question
Expert 1
Expert 2
Expert 3
Expert 4
Expert 5
Expert 6
CVR
1
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
0.67
2
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
0
3
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
0.33
4
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
1
5
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
-0.67
The possible outcome ranges between -1 to +1, and any value above 0 reflects that half of the panelists have marked one question as essential. This means that a higher CRV value indicates higher content validity.
Now, you can use the above values to make a critical value table.
Critical Value Table for CVR
Number of Experts in Panel
Critical Value
5
0.99
6
0.99
7
0.99
8
0.75
9
0.78
10
0.62
11
0.59
12
0.56
20
0.42
30
0.33
40
0.29
Step 3: Calculating the Content Validity Index (CVI)
Now, it is time to use the average content validity ratio of all questions included in the test to find out the content validity of the entire test. Keep in mind that values close to 1 indicate high content validity.
The formula of the content validity index CVI is ∑ratios / N.
∑ratios = total of all content validity ratios for the individual items
N = total number of items
CVI = (0.67+0+0.33+1 – 0.67) / 5
1.33/5
CVI =0.27
Content Validity Examples in Different Fields
We have picked the three most common fields of interest among students of all levels and used one example from each to help you understand examples of content validity in surveys, questionnaires, and so on.
Education:
If you are going to develop a standardised test of Pearson, LNAT, SAT, GRE, and so on, make sure to cover all the related skills in it to meet high content validity.
For example, the Law National Aptitude Test (LNAT) should consider questions related to how to study the case and find laws to present the defence in favour of your client.
Psychology:
If you are a student of clinical psychology and conducting a survey on anger management or coping abilities of working professionals.
Then you must ask questions in your test about the behavioural aspects of the professionals and measure them along with an analyst and other scales to make your content valid and reliable for the scholars and research review committee.
Healthcare:
Students associated with healthcare must find out the symptoms, along with patient feedback and clinical expertise about a certain disease, to make the results more valid and increase the whole test’s content validity by doing so.
Do you want to deliver an exceptional presentation like your instructor but don’t know how to stay hooked to the relevant pieces of information or background knowledge resonating with the slides running behind you?
You don’t need to spend hours learning the art of delivering outstanding presentations because it can be done by using speaker notes during presentations. Probably, that’s what your instructor is doing to remain consistent with the information pieces running on slides.
All you need to do is to learn how to add speaker notes in PowerPoint to add a supplement of full forms, historical facts, background information, anecdotes, etc, in the slides only visible to you and will make you stay relevant during the presentation.
What are Speaker Notes in PowerPoint Presentations?
Speaker notes in PowerPoint presentations are just like the paper notes students usually prepare by writing important points or drawing a map to follow while addressing their classmates and even delivering a speech in an institution or somewhere else.
Speaker notes in PowerPoint are just like these notes and are used to recall important facts and figures while delivering the presentation. Basically, these are designed to help you match your talk track while presenting the slides to remain consistent with the information showing in the slides, and what you are speaking out.
Possible Uses of Speaker Notes in PowerPoint Presentations
There are several use cases of note-taking for presentations in slides, but we’ll discuss only the most relevant or important ones for you to relate to and adopt for yourself.
Adding chunks of information related to the symbols or other graphical elements used in the slide to explain it elaborately to the audience.
Adding instructions like how to move the slide, how to play the animation, and so on for self-guidance.
Putting reminders like when to pause for a minute, take questions from the audience during a specific slide or point, to make the audience connect by narrating an anecdote, and so on.
Placing links to important files that contain relevant information or visuals to relate with the slides, and then discussing it for a better understanding of the audience.
Notes placed along the slides can be used for triggering gestures to make the co-host lead the front or to engage the audience directly for better engagement.
How to Add Speaker Notes in PowerPoint?
You need to first install the Microsoft PowerPoint application on your device, laptop, smartphone, tablet, etc, and then you can handle your presentations in it and insert the relevant notes or hints in each slide.
The good thing is that it will be only visible to you, not to the audience, and they will be just seeing the slides that you are managing. For example, you are delivering a presentation on medicine and health and you need to insert speaker notes in slides.
All you need to do is open it in the PowerPoint and follow the steps below. Make sure to keep in mind that you can add text, link to external files, and even your scripts in it as well.
Step 1: Open Your Presentation
Open your specific presentation in the Microsoft PowerPoint application in your laptop, smartphone, or whatever device you have. In case you are a business student, then you can open your MBA presentation in it, and you are ready to jump on the next step.
Step 2: Navigate to the View Tab
Now, reach out to the top menu of the PowerPoint and move to the middle of the screen where you will see a button of “View” presentation. You just need to click on this button and several options will appear in front of you.
Step 3: Click on the Notes Page
Select the option of “Notes Page” from the “View” bar and then move to the slides.
Step 4: Add Speaker Notes
Click on each slide in order and you will see an option of “Click to add text” below every slide. Make sure to click on it and write down whatever kind of supporting information you want to add in it.
You can add facts, stats, and other kinds of information supplements to match your discussion’s subject matter and better inform the audience.
Step 5: Save Your Notes
The last and the most important step of learning how to add speaker notes in PowerPoint is to save the information pieces that you have added in your presentation slides.
You can just click outside of the box, and the notes will be automatically saved, and press “Ctrl+S” while moving to the next slide after adding data, and lastly, while exiting, saving the presentation completely. That’s all you need to do to add notes to your presentation.
Using Presenter View to See Speaker Notes During a Presentation
While presenting your slides, you can access your notes by using multiple display options, like one projector and dual display screens to scroll through the notes you have added in your slides. Make sure to use dual display screens to show slides to your audience on one, and show notes to yourself on another.
How to Use Speaker Notes During Presentations?
If you are discussing a very complex concept in your psychology presentation, like the idea of masculinity and men’s mental health. Surely, there will be several terms that need explanation or at least full form to keep your audience completely hooked to the subject matter. There comes the need to use speaker notes during presentations.
The pieces of information that you have added in notes can be used now to make the picture clear for the people interacting with your slides in the class or other venues. Always make sure to add crisp and factually correct information to share with your audience.
How Should You Write Speaker Notes in PowerPoint?
Writing PowerPoint slide notes is a very subjective matter, but there are some common touchpoints that can be suitable for everyone, even presenting a business presentation or an academic presentation.
In effective audience engagement strategies, relying on catchy facts or anecdotes works well, and stick to the mantra of storytelling to win the maximum attention span of your audience. You can use a pyramid approach in which your first bullet point is connected with the content of your first slide, and then the remaining ones will take the courses
If you are comfortable with handling large chunks of information, then insert your complete notes in the slides and keep bombarding important facts and figures to keep your audience engagement level high.
Benefits of Speaker Notes in PowerPoint
There are numerous benefits of adding speaker notes in PowerPoint slides, but the most important one is the creation of dual files like handouts along with presentation slides. You can share the notes as handouts along with your presentation file with the audience, and they can share them with other people who were not present in the lecture.
Compiling comprehensive and supporting notes along with each slide of the presentation will make your presentation self-explanatory or easy to understand for the audience. This means you don’t need to personally discuss it with everyone to make them understand each bit of it because notes will automatically clear the clouds for the audience.
How to Print Speaker Notes with Slides?
You can print speaker notes with slides in the original order by just reaching out to the top left menu of Microsoft PowerPoint and clicking on the “File” tab, and then you will see a list of options, and there you will find the “Print” button.
Just click on it and you will find several options like full page, slides, and so on, to get the slides printed on paper. Make sure to select the page orientation that suits you best and enjoy sharing your presentation slides or notes with a larger group of audience who can not join your lecture in person or online.
PowerPoint Tips for Effective Presentations
Here are some proven tips for effective presentation delivery that aesthetic presentation experts and business presenters use to win the audience with their outstanding presentations. You can follow the below tips to create well-matched and effective notes for your presentation slides.
Keep Notes Concise: Don’t add lumps of information in slide notes and try to write precise chunks of supporting information or data in slides to communicate your message effectively. You can use bullet points to meet conciseness.
Use Key Triggers: Instead of reading long paragraphs to the audience, try to use short prompts that are easy for the audience to engage.
Add Time Stamps: Keep tracking the pace by adding time stamps in your presentation and don’t spend more than the assigned time on one slide to complete the whole presentation in the available time.
Practice with Notes: Don’t make the mistake of jumping without once practicing the flow of the slides and compatibility with notes of each slide to engage more of the audience while presenting.
How to Troubleshoot Common Issues?
After spending hours on research and consulting with university students and working professionals who more often use speaker notes in PowerPoint while delivering lectures, we have found the below issues as the most common ones among them and important enough to be addressed for you.
Make sure to use the solutions as provided below to start delivering presentations without any mess.
Speaker Notes Not Showing in Presenter View: You can simply solve this issue by ensuring “Presenter View” is enabled or not. In case it is off, you can turn it on for a smooth experience.
Notes Pane Disappeared: Just click on “View” notes to bring the notes you have added in slides back to display.
Formatting Issues in Printed Notes: You can adjust the page layout according to your requirements and page size by accessing the “Print” settings of Microsoft PowerPoint.
Plugins and Tools to Enhance Speaker Notes in PowerPoint
After learning how to add speaker notes in PowerPoint, you can use other third-party applications to enhance them.
Microsoft OneNote Integration: It will be synchronised with Microsoft PowerPoint and integrate your notes in slides of your presentation to save you from separately writing or adding notes in each slide.
Teleprompter Apps: You can enhance your reading view by using a teleprompter application which will convert your presentation notes into a scrolling Teleprompter.
Conclusion
Turn your boring and knowledge-gap-containing presentations into power-packed lectures by learning how to add speaker notes in PowerPoint and use them in the discussion of each slide to ensure better information delivery, or more importantly, completely engaging knowledge for the audience.
Just add brief notes in each slide and turn on the slides presentation mode to start delivering engaging lectures to the audience.
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Let’s say you and your pals are in the middle of an all-night cram session for a big exam when you realize you’re out of food. You volunteer to make a snack run to the convenience store, and on your way out the door, someone yells, “Grab me a bag of chips!”
It’s not until you’re actually standing in the chip aisle that you realize your friend didn’t specify which type of chips she wanted. You stare for what seems like hours (okay maybe three seconds) at plain, baked, barbeque, and even some bizarre cappuccino-flavored concoction before texting her to learn that she wants a specific brand of baked, wavy chips (that a convenience store won’t likely sell).
What does all this have to do with gender equality?
Aside from making you crave chips, my point here is that choosing articles and topics for essays is kinda like standing in that chip aisle: There’s a lot to choose from, and not all options are created equal.
Choose your chip incorrectly, and you end up with a terrible flavor that leaves a bad taste in your mouth for days. Choose your topic and sources incorrectly, and your entire essay could be equally terrible. (A bad grade will leave a bad taste in your mouth for days too.)
So grab a bag of your favorite chips, sit back, and let’s look at 10 good gender equality article choices for your upcoming essay.
The Broad Topic of Gender Equality
Before you do just about anything, you’ll need to decide what exactly to write about. While your professor may have assigned a gender equality essay, it doesn’t mean you can (or should) write about everything related to gender equality in the required five pages.
Promotion of gender equality in professional sports
Keep in mind that even the above list of topics can be further narrowed.
For instance, you might discuss gender-based violence as it relates to teens, to the United States, or to another country. You might focus your discussion of gender equality in the workplace as it relates to STEM fields or to the political arena.
If you’re still not sure which direction is best for academhelper.com, take a look at these 10 gender equality articles to help jump-start your research.
10 Gender Equality Articles to Support Your Next Essay
The articles below cover a wide range of gender equality topics, so I’ve provided a brief summary of each article to help you decide whether the article is a good fit for academhelper.com.
I’ve also included an APA (7th edition) citation and MLA (8th edition) citation for each of the gender equality articles. (If you need to use APA 6th edition, consult this resource for the correct formatting.)
When citing, don’t forget to include in-text citations for each piece of information you use from sources. (Need a few reminders about citation and avoiding plagiarism? Click here to learn more.)
And now, let’s look at those 10 gender equality articles I promised.
This article is posted by Global Vision International (GVI), “an award-winning organization that focuses on high-impact and high-quality conservation and community development programs.”
In addition to providing readers with ways they can help promote gender equality through volunteer efforts, this article explains how creating equal employment opportunities for women can change the economy and help break the cycle of poverty.
APA 7 Citation
Darrah, P. (2019, June 11). Why is gender equality important? Global Vision International. https://www.gviusa.com/blog/why-is-gender-equality-important/
MLA 8 Citation
Darrah, Petrina. “Why Is Gender Equality Important?” Global Vision International, 11 June 2019, www.gviusa.com/blog/why-is-gender-equality-important/.
Published by the well-respected Brookings Institution, the writer argues that gender equality in early childhood education is often overlooked. The writer also stresses the importance of gender awareness in order to help children thrive.
Chi, the author of this article, is a 2018 Echidna Global Scholar and Associate Professor at the Center for Teacher Education Research, KIS, MOE, Beijing Normal University.
APA 7 Citation
Chi, J. (2018, November 5). The importance of gender in early childhood education policy. Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/education-plus-development/2018/11/05/the-importance-of-gender-in-early-childhood-education-policy/
MLA 8 Citation
Chi, Jin. “The Importance of Gender in Early Childhood Education Policy.” Brookings Institution, 5 Nov. 2018, www.brookings.edu/blog/education-plus-development/2018/11/05/the-importance-of-gender-in-early-childhood-education-policy/.
This article asserts that gender inequality should not be thought of as only a feminist issue. It is, in fact, a global security issue. The author indicates that “studies have repeatedly shown that gender inequality is a global concern, linked to domestic and international conflict, radicalization and economics.”
Published by Yale University, this article passes the CRAAP Test regarding currency and authority. If it meets your research needs and is relevant to academhelper.com, it will have passed the test with flying colors.
APA 7 Citation
Johnson-Freese, J. (2019, September 17). Gender equality as a security issue. YaleGlobal Online. https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/gender-equality-security-issue
MLA 8 Citation
Johnson-Freese, Joan. “Gender Equality As a Security Issue.” YaleGlobal Online, 17 Sept. 2019, yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/gender-equality-security-issue.
Written by the Prime Minister of Iceland, this piece examines the #MeToo movement and how the government can eliminate gender inequality to work toward an equal society.
This article is published by CNN, a respected news organization.
Jakobsdóttir, K. (2019, September 17). Gender inequality is one of the most persistent evils of our times. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/17/opinions/katrn-jakobsdttir-gender-inequality-intl/index.html
MLA 8 Citation
Jakobsdóttir, Katrin. “Gender Inequality Is One of the Most Persistent Evils of Our Times.” CNN, 17 Sept. 2019. www.cnn.com/2019/09/17/opinions/katrn-jakobsdttir-gender-inequality-intl/index.html.
This United Nations article highlights the importance of achieving gender equality in order to build a “foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world.”
This article includes gender inequality statistics and also links to a variety of gender- and equality-related sites.
Posted as a Q&A with a sociology professor at Harvard, this piece examines the concerns of work–life balance, fertility rates, and concerns over the declining birth rate in Japan and how the decline could undermine the Japanese economy.
Not sure how to approach an essay about gender equality in the workplace? Get inspired by reading this essay from our library on childcare, gender equality, and paternal leave, or this essay on women in combat.
APA 7 Citation
Harvard Summer School. (n.d.). Gender inequality and women in the workplace. https://www.summer.harvard.edu/inside-summer/gender-inequality-women-workplace
MLA 8 Citation
“Gender Inequality and Women in the Workplace.” Harvard Summer School, www.summer.harvard.edu/inside-summer/gender-inequality-women-workplace.
This is a brief fact sheet filled with statistics about gender inequality. For instance, the fact sheet states how “gender-based violence is one of the biggest causes of injury and death to women worldwide, causing more deaths and disability among women aged 15 to 44 than cancer, malaria, traffic accidents, and war.” The fact sheet also details how, “as a result of violence and neglect, there are 50 million fewer women in South Asia today than there should be.”
This fact sheet is published by OxFam New Zealand, “a non-profit organisation dedicated to finding lasting solutions to poverty and injustice” (OxFam.org.nz), and also links to a women’s rights section of the website.
This article highlights seven facts to illustrate the injustices of gender inequality, including the fact that “over 150 countries have at least one actively sexist law.” Other facts include that “1 in 3 women have experienced physical or sexual violence at some point in their lifetime.” Additionally, per the article, “in most countries, women only earn between 60 and 75% of men’s wages – for the same work.”
The site also links to a variety of resources with more information about each of the facts.
Olorunshola, Y. (2016, May 25). 7 appalling facts that prove we need gender equality now. Global Citizen. https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/shocking-facts-gender-inequality-international-wom/
MLA 8 Citation
Olorunshola, Yosola. “7 Appalling Facts That Prove We Need Gender Equality Now.” Global Citizen, 25 May 2016, www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/shocking-facts-gender-inequality-international-wom/.
Included in this blog post by Econsultancy are 17 marketing campaigns that fight inequality and female idealism, and promote female empowerment.
The highlighted ads tackle domestic violence, motherhood, education, fashion and beauty even in the young ones.
APA 7 Citation
Econsultancy. (2018, November 21). 17 marketing campaigns with a positive message for women. https://econsultancy.com/17-marketing-campaigns-with-a-positive-message-for-women/
MLA 8 Citation
“17 Marketing Campaigns With a Positive Message for Women.” Econsultancy, 21 Nov. 2018, econsultancy.com/17-marketing-campaigns-with-a-positive-message-for-women/.
This article reports the findings of several studies. Per the article, although women do enter STEM and related science fields, many “leave the profession due to problems such as harassment and issues around promotion and pay.”
This article is trustworthy and is a reliable research source as it’s published by BBC News.
APA 7 Citation
Briggs, H. (2019, September 6). Gender equality: “No room at the top for women scientists.” BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-49552812
MLA 8 Citation
Briggs, Helen. “Gender Equality: ‘No Room at the Top for Women Scientists.’” BBC News, 6 Sept. 2019, www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-49552812.
What’s Next?
Finished your bag of chips but aren’t sure what to do next? You could make another snack run to the convenience store. But you might want to actually do a little more research to find additional gender equality articles for your upcoming essay first. (You can always get more snacks after you’ve finished your research.)
Here are several additional resources to not only help you find the sources you need but also help you put everything together into a finished research essay:
Finished your research and completed a draft of your gender equality essay? Pat yourself on the back, and let a Kibin editor help you make your draft even more awesome. We’re here 24/7 to help you with any step of the writing process.
Psst… 98% of Kibin users report better grades! Get inspiration from over 500,000 example essays.
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Have you spent the afternoon surfing the ‘net and checking every social media app in existence just to avoid working on your expository essay? Are you spending more time procrastinating than you are writing?
That’s okay. I can’t blame you—writing an expository essay can be frustrating. It doesn’t have to be that difficult, though. All you need is a gentle push in the right direction. That’s what I’m here for.
In this post, I’ll show you how to write an expository essay outline. I’ve even included a downloadable outline template you can use to create your own outline.
But Wait … What’s an Expository Essay?
That’s a great question. Sadly, the answer is probably a bit more vague than you want it to be. An expository essay is a catch-all category that describes any essay where you thoroughly expose the inner workings of a topic and teach the reader something new.
In fact, this blog post could be considered an informal expository essay.
Usually, your teacher will ask you to write an expository essay to prove that you have done your research on a subject. Your goal is to effectively explain what a reader needs to know about the topic and answer relevant and interesting questions.
For the purpose of this blog post, let’s say we’re writing an expository essay on the effects of social media on daily life. (I grabbed this idea straight from Crystal’s blog post about expository writing—if you haven’t read it yet, you should hop over there now. I’ll wait).
My goal in this expository essay is to expose interesting information about the topic through the revelation of factual evidence.
To avoid the daunting stare of the blank page and to ensure your information is organized, always start with an outline.
Since we’re writing about the effects of social media, we’ll use a cause and effect pattern for this example. (Remember, just because you’re using a cause and effect pattern, it doesn’t necessarily mean that you’ll need to focus on both causes and effects. Check your assignment guidelines to see what your teacher requires.)
Here’s how the general structure will look for this sample outline:
1. INTRODUCTION
A. Hook B. Background C. Thesis
2. FIRST BODY PARAGRAPH
A. Main idea 1 B. Evidence to support main idea 1 C. Evidence to support main idea 1 D. Analysis
3. BODY PARAGRAPH 2
A. Main idea 2 B. Evidence to support main idea 2 C. Evidence to support main idea 2 D. Analysis
4. BODY PARAGRAPH 3
A. Main idea 3 B. Evidence to support main idea 3 C. Evidence to support main idea 3 D. Analysis
5. CONCLUSION
A. Restate or summarize your thesis or focus B. Discuss the larger significance/implications of topic or reveal unanswered questions
Here’s a graphic in case you’d like a visual reminder to follow along with:
Now, keep reading to see what a sample outline might look like with the details filled in.
Expository Essay Outline: Introductory Paragraph
Hook
Start with ahook sentenceto get your readers’ attention. Remember, your hook should be both interesting and directly related to your topic.
My hook might look something like this:
Is social media ruining people’s lives?
By posing such a salient question right off the bat, I’m encouraging readers to continue reading.
(What if it is ruining lives?!)
Background
Provide background and context for the topic.Don’t assume your readers know anything about social media or its effects (as one of my English professors once taught me, to assume makes an ass out of u and me).
For example, I might include the following as background:
Social media allows people to connect online, keep in touch with family and friends, market themselves, or connect with customers. With the abundance of social media platforms—such as Twitter, SnapChat, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Facebook (to name a few)—people can spend countless hours in virtual connectivity.
Thesis statement
Write a clear, focused thesis statement. The thesis statement is like a roadmap to your paper. It’s where you get to the point of academhelper.com.
Even though social media can be a great tool to connect with others, most people don’t realize how much social media interferes with their daily lives.
What exactly your thesis statement might look like depends a lot on what your prof requires, obviously. But it also depends on the exact type of expository essay you’re writing and the scope of your topic. Make sure you get the structure right by considering any thesis statement myths it might be okay to ignore for your specific essay.
Get inspired. Write academhelper.com faster.
Expository Essay Outline: Body Paragraphs
Now that you’ve caught your readers’ attention, brought them up to speed on the basics, and laid out your thesis statement, your body paragraphs are set up to offer a deeper investigation into the topic of academhelper.com.
The exact number of body paragraphs you incorporate will depend entirely on the parameters of your assignment and/or topic. My example includes three body paragraphs.
Each body paragraph should include the following elements:
Factual evidence that answers your question or supports your thesis. In my example, I’ve incorporated two pieces of factual evidence for each topic, but academhelper.com may use more or fewer.
Your analysis of said evidence. This is where you dig in with your commentary on the importance of the evidence. (Remember to check with your teacher about point of view. Even though this is your analysis, you will likely need to write in third person point of view.)
A good transition sentence to weave academhelper.com together and seamlessly connect ideas. (Without the use of transitions, academhelper.com can seem choppy and like a random set of vaguely related points.)
Because this example will include the effects of social media on daily life, each paragraph will focus on one key effect. (Remember, separate your main ideas into individual paragraphs. Don’t try to cram everything into one ginormous paragraph.)
Body paragraph 1
Main idea 1: Because it’s so accessible and distracting, social media is an easy way to procrastinate, which causes people to miss deadlines and fail to meet other obligations.
Evidence: Students who don’t feel like writing an essay can easily spend hours on social media in order to avoid working on their papers. Because students wasted time, they don’t have enough time to work on their papers and end up with a lousy grade (or worse yet, failing the course).
Evidence: People who aren’t engaged at their jobs could use every free moment to check social media to procrastinate and avoid their real work, such as someone who should be clearing tables. Procrastinating too much means that too many tables in the restaurant are dirty, customers don’t have any place to sit, and the person is soon fired for spending too much time on Twitter—#Unemployed.
Analysis: Some people who use social media as a way to procrastinate (or avoid other tasks completely) may experience minimal consequences, but extreme procrastination due to excessive time on social media can lead to life-changing negative effects.
Body paragraph 2
Main idea 2: Too much time on social media can make someone anti-social.
Evidence: Before social media, a self-proclaimed cat lady who preferred to spend time with her cats would still need to hang out with people once in awhile to maintain social connections. After spending more and more time on social media, she withdraws from the real world and spends all her time with her cats and online with people who adore their cats as much as she does.
Evidence: Before social media, college students might go to the movies with friends or to someone’s house to binge-watch their favorite zombie series. With heavy use of social media, those same college students might become more and more like zombies themselves, staring at the TV and chatting only with online friends through seven seasons of Zombie Apocalypse.
Analysis: Moderate use of social media can be an awesome way to connect with friends. Too much time spent on social media, however, makes it easy for people to become isolated, living only in the virtual world.
Body paragraph 3
Main idea 3: Social media can make people feel inadequate or that they’re living a boring life.
Evidence: After a perfectly normal day of going to the grocery store, doing laundry, and catching up on homework, a woman checks Instagram, and she sees her best friend at the Super Bowl. Doing laundry hardly compares to attending the game, so she feels like her life isn’t as good as her friend’s.
Evidence: A person scrolls through Pinterest and sees a friend’s version of the newest trending craft: an amazing bottle cap wall art masterpiece worthy of a spot in MoMA. When she compares her own attempt to her friend’s, she feels that her creation is only worthy of the garbage can.
Analysis: Even though people may be talented and lead perfectly normal lives, comparing their lives to their friends’ on social media can lead people to feel that they can’t compete and simply aren’t as good as others.
Expository Essay Outline: Concluding Paragraph
Finally, it’s time to write your concluding paragraph. In this paragraph, you can do any of the following:
To focus on something that summarizes my thesis, I might write the following:
Though social media is an excellent tool to connect people, it’s important to use it wisely as it can do more harm than good.
Discuss the larger significance of the topic
A conclusion focused on the larger significance of my topic might include a statement like this:
Social media is a powerful tool that can end up creating an isolated society full of procrastinating, distracted people with feelings of inadequacy.
Reveal unanswered questions
A conclusion focused on unanswered questions about my topic might include this statement:
Even though social media can be used to connect people, wouldn’t it just be better to speak with people in person?
If you find you need more help with outlining and shaping the concluding paragraph, read these posts:
Expository Essay Outline Download
If you’re in the position where you need to write an expository essay but aren’t sure where to begin, feel free to get started with thisexpository essay outline template (Word .doc download).
If you have a draft and are looking for even more help with the finishing touches of your paper, you might find these posts helpful:
Once you’ve shaped your outline into a completed essay, get a Kibin editor to review your paper before you turn it in. We’ve edited tens of thousands of papers, and we can help you with yours too.
Good luck!
Editor’s note: This post was originally published on August 11, 2014, but has been updated for freshness and relevance.
Check out these example expository essays.
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https://academhelper.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/expositoryessayoutline2.jpg355800developerhttps://academhelper.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/logoAH-300x60.pngdeveloper2025-03-21 12:48:052025-03-21 12:48:09Use This Expository Essay Outline to Stop Procrastinating
When I was a kid, my older brother tried to convince me that I was an alien and that Mom and Dad would send me back to my own planet if I misbehaved.
Older siblings can be pretty persuasive, and if you’ve ever fallen victim to this persuasion (as I may have done once or twice), you already have a good understanding of what it takes to convince an audience.
How do you translate your experiences of being persuaded into being persuasive in your upcoming persuasive speech?
Here’s what you need to know to write a persuasive speech on just about anything.
The Art of Persuasion
Before you get started on your speech, it’s a smart idea to take the time to review a variety of techniques you can use to persuade your audience.
Thus, before we start the “how to” of how to write a persuasive speech, take a look at these articles:
Ready to move on to learning how to write a persuasive speech? Excellent. Let’s start with topic selection.
Step 1: Choose a Topic for Your Persuasive Speech
Choosing the right topic for your persuasive speech is just as important as choosing the right topic for a persuasive essay.
One of the first steps of topic selection is to understand your assignment.
You need to know, for instance, if there are any guidelines (or prohibitions) on topics. For example, can your speech attempt to convince your classmates to buy you lunch, or can you attempt to convince your teacher to not assign any more homework this year?
Once you understand the parameters of your assignment, think about your own interests and whether you can be convincing while speaking about a given topic.
Let’s say your BFF suggests you speak about whether fast food should be served in public high schools. If it doesn’t matter to you what schools serve because you think it all tastes awful, this probably isn’t the best topic for you.
Exhausted your mental resources and can’t think of the perfect topic for your persuasive speech? Here are 137 ideas:
I’ve decided that my speech (for example purposes in this article) will focus on aliens.
Step 2: Develop a Focus for Your Persuasive Speech
Once you have a topic for your speech, you’ll need to narrow it appropriately.
If you want to write about graffiti, for instance, you can’t just start writing everything you know about the topic. (If you do, you’ll end up with lots of content, and you’ll be able to meet the time requirements—but trust me, you won’t end up with a good persuasive speech.)
Instead of just randomly writing about the topic, develop a persuasive focus.
If you were writing about graffiti, for instance, you could write about why graffiti is actually art rather than vandalism or why graffiti needs to be cleaned up in a specific neighborhood.
In my example, I chose aliens as my broad topic, and I’m going to narrow my topic to the existence of aliens. That is, I hope to persuade my audience to believe that aliens exist. But I could be even more specific and try to persuade my audience that television and movie aliens are based on real aliens already on Earth. (Who’s to say Spock isn’t an actual extraterrestrial on our planet?)
Once you’ve nailed down your focus, It’s time to start developing the nuts and bolts of the speech.
Step 3: Outline the Main Ideas of Your Persuasive Speech
After you’ve narrowed your topic, outline the main ideas.
When developing the main ideas of your speech, first consider whether you’re required to complete research. If you need to cite sources, make sure to locate credible resources.
Don’t forget to check to see what types of sources you can use too. You might be able to cite all websites, but you may be required to cite more scholarly resources, such as books or journals.
Creating the outline
So about that outline.
Unless a formal outline is required, you can jot down ideas in any outline format that works for you. You can also try a graphic organizer to visualize ideas.
For example, I might list the following as my main ideas about the existence of aliens:
Water is necessary for life, and water is present on a number of planets.
Astronauts (who are trusted experts) have reported UFOs.
Scientists have established the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Institute.
These ideas give me a starting point for each of my main body paragraphs and function much like topic sentences because they give me a direction for each paragraph.
where (besides Earth) water is present in the universe, and why this means that aliens could exist;
which astronauts reported UFOs, what they reported, and why this is credible evidence of the existence of aliens; and
details about the SETI Institute, its origins, and its purpose, and why the mere fact that the institute exists means that scientists believe there is life beyond Earth.
After sketching out these rough ideas, I’m ready to write a draft of my speech (and cite my sources according to my assignment guidelines).
I would, of course, start my assignment early enough so that I would have time to revise and edit. (Revision is important, so make sure youleave enough time to revise and edit your speech too.)
Be Persuasive and Appeal to Your Audience
As you write your persuasive speech, remember that you’re trying to convince your audience, so you need to think about who makes up your audience and what they believe.
Think about writing a persuasive speech as being like creating an ad campaign.
If you were advertising casual tennis shoes to teens, you’d have to think about what matters to them. Teens want style. While cost can play a factor, for the most part, as long as the shoe is trendy, you’ve appealed to their basic requirement.
Now think about creating an ad campaign for casual tennis shoes for older adults. While style may play a role, older adults are more concerned with cost, durability, and comfort. If you can convince older adults that a tennis shoe is comfortable, you’ve hooked them. Even if your shoe is a little more expensive, they’ll be willing to hand over their hard-earned cash in exchange for some comfy kicks.
See how using the right language and the right type of appeal (such as ethos, pathos, or logos) is necessary in order to convince your audience?
Check out these example persuasive essays.
How to appeal to your specific audience
Given the above, it’s important to keep your audience in mind and think about what matters to them as you draft your speech.
For instance, if you’re trying to convince your teacher and classmates, consider how you can appeal to a general audience.
If your teacher has assigned an audience for your speech, you may have to pretend you’re speaking to parents, teens, or members of the school board (and thus consider what types of arguments you’ll use to convince them).
If your teacher allows some flexibility with your speech, you might choose your own audience. For example, if you’re writing about aliens, you could ask the class to pretend they’re aliens and try to convince them to take you to their home planet.
Additional Resources to Help You Write a Persuasive Speech
If you have a pretty good sense of what you want to write about and how you’ll put your speech together but are still looking for a little more help, check out these additional resources:
If you’d like to read an example or two of a persuasive speech before you get to work on your own, check out these speeches from our library:
One final piece of wisdom regarding speeches: Take a few deep breaths, and relax.
We all get nervous speaking in front of people (especially when our grade depends on it), but being prepared before you step foot behind the podium can make the entire process of delivering your speech a little less stressful.
Want to make sure your speech is in tip-top shape before you put yourself out there? Let the editors at Kibin help. While we can’t necessarily help you calm your nerves in front of an audience, we can help you prepare a terrific speech (on just about anything).
Live long and prosper.
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https://academhelper.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/howtowriteapersuasivespeech.jpg355800developerhttps://academhelper.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/logoAH-300x60.pngdeveloper2025-03-21 12:27:332025-03-21 12:27:36How to Write a Persuasive Speech on (Just About) Anything
To some people, writing a formal outline for a speech is about as much fun as getting a flu shot.
I get it. If you’re not a fan of outlines, it can be pretty tedious to sort out where to put an “A,” a “1,” or a “b.” The mere thought of it is enough to drive you mad.
In all reality, though, outlining isn’t that bad, and it’s important to realize that there are some things in life that we just have to do—simply because they’re good for us.
When you’re a student, sometimes writing a formal outline is one of those things.
Even if you don’t find writing an outline that painful, there can be times when you need a little help getting your ideas together in the right format.
Whether you love (or hate) outlines, here’s how you can develop an outline to help you write your persuasive speech faster.
Before You Start Your Persuasive Speech Outline
Before you start outlining, you will, of course, need a topic for your persuasive speech. If you don’t already have one, this list of 49 speech topics or this one of 33 socially conscious persuasive topics should give you at least a little inspiration.
Even if you already have a topic, don’t immediately jump into outlining unless you’ve spent at least a little time pondering your topic. You need time to sort out your thoughts.
If your assignment requires research, make sure you also do a preliminary search to gather ideas and potential sources.
If you haven’t done either of these yet, take a brainstorming break now to do some research if needed.
Don’t worry, I’ll be here when you return. I’ll just grab a cup of coffee and wait.
How to Write a Persuasive Speech Outline
Have you pondered your topic? Spent a little time perusing sources? Excellent. Let’s talk outlines.
Even if you have a love/hate relationship with outlines, they’re excellent prewriting tools that will enable you to organize your thoughts and lay out the details of your speech.
They actually save a lot of time too. Once you put your ideas in outline form, you can write the actual speech in no time flat.
Another bonus of writing a detailed outline:
Your teacher may allow you to use only your outline when you deliver your speech. Having a well-written and concise outline means you’ll have your talking points in order (and you won’t fill the dead air with “…ummm” until you can think of something to say).
Where should you start?
The finished outline will contain all the usual sections: introduction, body, and conclusion.
That doesn’t mean that you have to start with the introduction and work, step by step, until you reach the conclusion, though.
You might start with a working thesis statement to help you establish the focus for your speech and then develop your main ideas. You can always go back and fill in the introduction and conclusion once you have a solid direction for your speech.
Of course, if you’re the type of person who needs to start at the introduction, that’s fine too. Do whatever works for you.
In my persuasive speech outline for this post, I’m going to start with the introduction and provide a step-by-step outline to help you get started on your own.
Here’s the topic for my persuasive speech outline: why adults should get a flu shot.
Persuasive speech introduction
The introduction needs to hook your audience, provide background and context for your topic, and contain a thesis statement to focus your speech.
Attention grabber
Begin the introduction by grabbing the attention of your audience with a clever or shocking hook.
Think about all those boring lectures you’ve sat through as a student. You don’t want to be that speaker. You don’t want your audience to tune you out and think about where they’re going to dinner instead of listening to your speech.
Instead, you want them on the edge of their seats, eager to hear what you have to say.
To grab the attention of my audience, I would start my introduction with this shocking statistic:
In the 2017–2018 flu season, 61,000 Americans died from the flu. It was one of the most severe flu seasons in history (CDC.gov).
This statistic hits home and shows the audience just how dangerous the flu can be.
Background/context
This section includes information that helps the audience understand the context of your topic and provides any background they may need to know to fully understand your key points.
You’ll also want to consider your audience as you develop your outline (and speech). If you’re speaking to senior citizens, for instance, the information you’ll include here (and throughout your speech) would likely be different than if you’re speaking to seniors in high school.
In my example, I’m trying to convince a general audience that they should get a flu shot, so I’d briefly explain a little bit about the shot and again stress how important a flu shot is to one’s health.
Thesis statement
Wrap up your opening with a clear thesis statement to let your audience know your stance on the topic.
My thesis statement would be something like this:
Adults should get a flu shot each year because it can be a life-saving vaccine.
This thesis statement clearly indicates that my topic will be flu shots, and because I’m writing a persuasive outline, my thesis presents my stance on the topic: that people need a flu shot because it can save lives.
Persuasive speech body
The body will be the majority of your speech. A basic outline will contain at least three main ideas to support your thesis.
Develop each idea in at least one paragraph. Unless you’re writing an extremely short speech, the body of your speech should be a minimum of three paragraphs. You may include more main ideas (and thus more paragraphs), of course, depending on your assignment.
Each main idea needs evidence to support your claim. (A claim is essentially the argument presented in your speech.)
If you’re citing sources, look for statistics, examples, and expert opinions to support your claims. Use paraphrases, summaries, and quotes to integrate the information into your speech.
Remember: Evidence from sources should support your claims, not make up the bulk of your writing. In other words, resist the urge to copy and paste large chunks of content into your outline. Write the speech in your own words and use sources as supporting evidence for your claims.
If research isn’t required for your persuasive speech, include personal examples and your own knowledge of the topic to support your claims.
Example body paragraph
Here’s an example of how one of my body paragraphs would be structured:
Claim: Getting the flu shot helps with herd immunity.
Evidence: “Once enough people are vaccinated, the flu can’t spread quickly because it encounters people who are protected against it. The flu virus runs into a dead end” (Lynch).
Analysis/Commentary: Essentially, if everyone gets a flu shot, the virus can’t easily spread because everyone is protected against it. This also means that people who aren’t able to be vaccinated (such as the very young) are less likely to get the flu because fewer adults around them will become infected.
This example presents a solid claim and provides a quote from a reliable website to support the fact that getting a flu shot helps keep everyone safe. (You may wish to include more than one piece of evidence to support each claim.)
It also includes my own analysis and commentary to not only discuss the topic of herd immunity but also further explain (using my source as evidence) why adults should get an annual flu shot.
As you develop your main ideas, keep in mind that you want to appeal to your audience, and you want to use solid arguments.
To learn more about appeals and logic, check out these two posts:
Check out these example persuasive essays.
Counterargument and rebuttal
A counterargument is the opposing view to your claim. While you may not be required to include a counterargument in your speech, anticipating and addressing opposing views is a smart way to make your argument more convincing.
In my example, I’m arguing that people should get a flu shot because it can save lives. The opposing view might argue that vaccines are dangerous and getting a flu shot can actually cause someone to get sick.
A rebuttal is your reply to the opposing view. In other words, you’re adding more evidence to support your claim (while also illustrating why your claim is stronger than the claims of the opposition).
In my example, I could point to evidence that indicates that a flu shot doesn’t really cause people to get the flu. People who get the flu after receiving the shot were likely already exposed to the virus.
How you incorporate the counterargument and rebuttal will depend on your assignment (and, in some cases, personal preference).
Your teacher might require you to include a counterargument and rebuttal as a separate paragraph before the conclusion, or you may be allowed to incorporate a counterargument and rebuttal into one of your main body paragraphs.
To convince them, restate your key ideas and emphasize again why they should be convinced by your arguments.
Because I’m trying to convince my audience how important it is to get a flu shot, in my conclusion, I’ll remind them how miserable it feels to be sick. I’ll stress that if they take the time to get a flu shot, they not only can avoid the misery of the flu but also can prevent more serious illness and even protect others.
The Final Outline
If the mere thought of creating a persuasive speech outline still leaves you feeling a little under the weather, drink some soothing tea, and remember, outlining isn’t all that bad.
To make outlining even easier, here’s the skeleton of the persuasive speech outline we just created. You can use this as a guide to help you build your own outline by filling in your topic, claim, and supporting evidence.
1. Introduction
a. Hook/Attention grabber b. Background and context c. Thesis statement
2. Body: Evidence to support your thesis
a. Claim 1
i. Evidence from source(s) to support claim ii. Analysis/Commentary
b. Claim 2
i. Evidence from source(s) to support claim ii. Analysis/Commentary
c. Claim 3
i. Evidence from source(s) to support claim ii. Analysis/Commentary
3. Body: Counterargument and Rebuttal
a. Counterargument b. Evidence from source to illustrate counterargument c. Refutation of argument and evidence
4. Conclusion
a. Restate key ideas and stress the importance of your claim b. Emphasize why readers should be convinced by your arguments
Looking for an example outline before you tackle your own? Take a look at these outlines:
Ready to get started but need a shot in the arm to convince you to get moving?
If you have your outline finished but want a pair of expert eyes to provide some feedback before you step behind the podium, send it to the editors at Kibin. We can polish your outlines, essays, and just about any writing project your teachers can dream up.
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https://academhelper.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/persuasivespeechoutline.jpg355800developerhttps://academhelper.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/logoAH-300x60.pngdeveloper2025-03-21 12:06:182025-03-21 12:06:21This Persuasive Speech Outline Will Help You Write Faster
If I asked you to tie an overhand knot, you might stumble a bit. Actually, if you’ve never been a scout, you might think it’s impossible for you to know how to tie such an obscure knot.
But what if I showed you an example?
It would certainly help, right? Check out the video below to learn how to tie an overhand knot.
I’m pretty sure that most of you have tied this knot more than once in your lifetime. But as the video states, you simply didn’t know the official name of the knot you were tying.
So. What does tying knots have to do with writing a persuasive speech?
Admittedly, not much. But it does illustrate that sometimes you have a pretty good sense of how to do something, even if you don’t realize it. You just need an example to remind you how it’s done and to get you moving in the right direction.
That’s exactly the goal of this post: to provide you with two persuasive speech examples that can inspire your own writing.
2 Good Persuasive Speech Examples to Inspire You
In the two speeches below, I’ve included comments on what makes these examples good. I’ve also made note of a few places where the speaker may improve.
TAKE NOTE: Both of these speeches cite sources. If you’re required to turn in your outline or a copy of your speech, check with your teacher (or assignment guidelines) to see if you should include a Works Cited (MLA), a list of references (APA), or a bibliography (Chicago).
For both persuasive speeches, my commentary is marked with “Susan says” speech bubbles. The specific text that I’m discussing from each speech is notated with brackets and corresponding numbers—[#]. For commentary that applies to full paragraphs, you’ll see the following notation at the end of the paragraph(s): *[#].
A Persuasive Speech on Limiting the Production and Use of Plastic
[1] When you hear the term “polluted plastics” I can tell you the exact picture that just popped into about 10 of your heads. This one, right? You have all heard of how plastics are affecting our marine life and “oh, the poor sea turtle”. And that’s great! Really, it is. We have had the idea that “pollution is bad” drilled into our brains since we were about 7. But this little sea turtle is not necessarily the problem. It’s much bigger than him. Plastics are leaving lasting effects on our ecosystems due to the improper disposal. Plastic production also uses up many of our natural resources. It is up to us to make a change in order to maintain sustainability. [2] Today, I want to show you just how destructive these effects are, how big of a dent we are making in our natural resources, and what steps we should take next.
Susan says:
[1] This opening uses an excellent hook to grab the attention of the audience. The speaker uses the common image of a sea turtle being affected by pollution to make a connection with the audience and get them thinking about how pollution affects the environment.
Susan says:
[2] The speaker ends the opening with a clear thesis statement to let the audience know that the speech isn’t just about sea turtles. The speech will discuss the environmental impact of plastics and how to reduce the use of plastics.
Remember, a thesis statement is like a roadmap to your entire speech, so make sure to include a focused thesis to let your audience know what to expect.
Let’s say you want to throw away one plastic water bottle. Okay, no big deal. It’s just one bottle right? Well, Charleston is a peninsula, meaning that we are entirely surrounded by the ocean. According to Hannah Ellsbury in her article “The Problem with Plastic”, for every six water bottles we use, only one makes it to the recycling bin. The rest are sent to landfills. Or, even worse, they end up as trash on the land and in rivers, lakes, and the ocean. That means that, on average, all of us in this room cumulatively throw away or litter 6,100 water bottles a year. Now, let’s say that about ¼ of these end up in our beautiful Charleston harbor. That’s about 1,525 bottles just floating around outside of Charleston in a year, and that’s strictly from our first year seminar class alone. Pollutants found in the plastic in disposable water bottles deteriorate and leach into the water leaving potential carcinogens in the water we drink daily. Now if all 1,525 water bottles in our harbor are deteriorating, that means your fresh seafood at Hyman’s might be slightly infested with pollutants. *[3]
Susan says:
*[3] Most people use (or have used) plastic water bottles. The speaker knows this and thus uses this example to make another connection with the audience.
The speaker even goes one step further by mentioning the effects of pollution on seafood at a local restaurant.
Using these types of personal and localized examples are excellent ways to convince your audience because the audience can directly relate and see how pollution affects their daily lives.
This section also cites statistics and other information from sources to provide evidence of the claim. Such information further convinces the audience because they realize that the speaker isn’t simply providing a personal opinion. Instead, statements are backed up by experts.
[4] Even worse, according to the Merriam Webster dictionary, the law of biomagnification states that pollutants “increases its concentration in the tissues of organisms as it travels up the food chain”. This means that all of you seafood lovers might have more pollutants in our bodies than we would imagine. Now, I bet you’re wondering what happens to the rest of the actual plastic pieces left in our oceans. Plastic pieces like these? Well, animals are ingesting them. In fact, plastic pieces are being found within birds in the Pacific, meaning that the plastic pieces are literally killing them from the inside out. The plastic found throughout the oceans is a result of improper disposal of our plastics. [5] Even worse, though, is how these plastics are made.
Susan says:
[4] While many teachers frown upon the use of dictionary definitions in essays or speeches, in this case the definition works well because many people wouldn’t understand the phrase “law of biomagnification.”
Susan says:
[5] Notice the importance of the last line of this section. It provides a transition to link ideas together.
Your audience needs a clear path to see the connection between ideas. Transitional words and phrases provide this connection.
You see how far this water bottle is filled? Imagine that it’s not water. Look at that and picture it as oil. That’s how much oil is used in the production of this bottle. According to Catherine Fox from National Geographic, Americans buy more water bottles than any other nation averaging at about 29 billion. In order to make all these bottles, manufacturers use 17 million barrels of crude oil. That’s enough oil to keep a million cars going for twelve months. By investing $10 in a reusable plastic water bottle, you are saving on average, $81.25 per year. You could potentially fill your car, which for us freshman is probably sitting back at home in our driveways, up three times with that money. *[6]
Susan says:
*[6]You need to know your audience in order to effectively convince them. In this case, the speaker is keenly aware of the audience and knows that first-year college students are often strapped for cash. Showing the audience how they can save money while saving the planet is a win-win and certainly goes a long way in persuading listeners.
The Office of Sustainability offers these water bottles to all students. They are made out of tin and are much more durable than any other kind of water bottle.
These bottles were offered for free at our freshman convocation and continue to be offered to all students. Not to mention, Starbucks has an option to purchase a reusable cup for a cheap price. Dining Halls have already enforced a plastic-free environment to dine, however, students are still able to purchase plastic containers from vending machines in education buildings. I believe that the College of Charleston should maintain the same standards they have set for the dining halls throughout campus. Soda dispensers with compostable cups should replace the vending machines currently residing in our education buildings. The Starbucks on campus should charge a small fee for each plastic cup used when ordering cold drinks. There is no reason plastic cups should still be sold on campus, and I propose a small fee should be charged for every purchase involving plastic. *[7]
Susan says:
*[7] The speaker begins to wrap up the speech by offering solutions. This strategy helps the audience become even more interested in the topic and shows them what even small steps can do to reduce the use of plastics.
Now I’m hoping that you’re interested in doing something to help cut down on the pollutants entering, not only your body, but millions of aquatic sea creatures as well. You know the harmful effects of plastic on our environment and you know the dent we put in our planet in the production of these goods. We should all make an effort to use reusable water bottles, however, if we must, to recycle our plastic waste. We must put an end to the era of plastic so this little guy can swim freely, but only our generation can do so. *[8]
Susan says:
*[8] The final section again appeals to the audience as a call to action.
It’s clear that the speaker is referencing a visual when stating “so this little guy can swim freely.” The image more than likely refers back to the opening point about sea turtles and pollution.
Connecting the conclusion to a point made in the introduction is a nice way to tie ideas together. And although the final line is worded a bit awkwardly, the point is still clear.
Check out these example persuasive essays.
A Persuasive Speech on the Topic of Organ Donation
[1]First of all I would like to thank you the board for inviting me here today, allowing me to be a part of and contributing to this cause that personally means so much to me. When I first contacted your organization, the Executive Director informed me that the greatest need was for a campaign that was tailored toward people between the ages of 18 and 24. The focus was to be on encouraging organ donation and facilitating open communication of the donor’s decision with family members. [2]Overall the campaign was to inform them of our nation’s public health crisis regarding organ donation. *[3]
Susan says:
[1] Rather than speaking to a general audience (or classmates and a teacher), this speaker is directly addressing an audience already aware that they will be listening to a speech about organ donation.
By speaking to a specific audience, this speaker can adjust the main ideas in order to directly appeal to listeners.
Susan says:
[2] Here, the speaker directly mentions the purpose of this speech: to inform the audience of the nation’s health crisis regarding organ donation.
Even though the audience likely knows the subject of the speech, in this thesis statement, the speaker lets the audience know that the focus is on the crisis of organ donation, not simply a general discussion of the topic.
Further, the speech focuses on the idea that this is a crisis. Thus, the speaker is clearly attempting to persuade listeners into seeing just how important it is to increase organ donation.
Susan says:
*[3] This opening paragraph is a solid start to the speech as it effectively presents the topic and appeals to the audience (which increases the likelihood that the speaker will persuade listeners).
That’s right: Organ Donation is a public health crisis.
According to UNOS, the United Network for Organ Sharing as of this morning there are 90,350 American men, women, and children on the transplant waiting list.
One person will die needlessly at the end of this hour waiting for organ donation and 10 more people are added to this list every day.
There are over 250 billion people in our country. *[4]
Susan says:
*[4]Here, the speaker cites powerful statistics to persuade the audience and illustrate just how many people need organ transplants and how many die because they don’t receive the life-saving help they need.
Using startling statistics causes the audience to take notice. Plus, because the numbers are shocking, the audience is more likely to remember the argument made by the speaker and more likely to be convinced.
According to the Department of Health and Human Resources, in 2002, there were 2.5 million deaths, and 106,742 of them were due to accidents. In 2002, 6,190 donor heroes and their families made the decision to donate. When comparing these statistics less than a half percent, not even 1% of these accidental fatalities were used to save or improve the life of another human being. So when I say heroes that is exactly what I mean. *[5]
Figures taken from The Oregon Donor Program website are disheartening. The Oregon population is at 3.5 million and last year only 84 donor heroes and their families chose to donate the gift of life in our state. *[6]
You see the reality is it doesn’t take 90,000 donors to save or improve the lives of these people. For every one organ donor has the potential to help at least 50 individuals with their “Gift of Life”. You see I know this personally because two very special people to me were organ donors who died tragically and unexpectedly. Through my experiences I have gained a greater understanding of what the “Gift of Life” really means. *[7]
Susan says:
*[5–7]In these paragraphs, the speaker again stresses the lack of donors and attempts to persuade the audience to donate by illustrating how many people they can help through organ donation.
This campaign was specifically tailored for the scholars of Southern Oregon University, its alumni and community members who are a truth seeking, compassionate, and educated group of individuals. The campaign goal is to share this information utilizing an information kiosk for SOU students and alumni in the student union. The kiosk would give SOU community members the opportunity to sign up as organ donors and would offer practical useful tools to share their decision with their loved ones. *[8]
Susan says:
*[8]The speaker again appeals to the audience by complimenting them while explaining the campaign to increase organ donation.
By appealing to the audience’s sense of compassion, the speaker increases the chances of listeners believing in the cause.
The two artifacts I have created specifically for this persuasion campaign are:
* A green hospital bracelet will be given to each new organ donor or individuals who can show a driver’s license indicating them as being an organ donor at the kiosk. *[9]
The bracelet itself is an example of symbolic persuasion representing the many lives that have been touched by organ donation. The pictures and names on each bracelet are actual people that have either been the patient waiting, the patient who died waiting, the transplant survivor, or the donor heroes. *[10]
The bracelet then is used as a reminder, and a reinforcing element of their commitment to organ donation. Because the bracelet is worn and not tucked away it encourages vital communication of the donor’s decision with family and peers. *[11]
* My second artifact is a letter that was created to address and personalize the donor’s donation decision. A Gallup poll conducted for the Partnership for Organ Donation showed that 85% of Americans supported organ donation. According to the Organtransplants.org website each year nearly 50% of families decline the opportunity to save lives by donating organs and tissues of deceased loved ones. The truth is even if you have decided to be an organ donor and you yourself know the significance of your choice your family has the final say as to whether or not your commitment is carried out. *[12]
The letter will serve as another reminder of the donor’s commitment to share his donation decision with his family, furthermore solidifying his decision and his intent. *[13]
Susan says:
*[9–13]At the end of the speech, the speaker explains what artifacts will be used to encourage participation in organ donation. The artifacts represent real people, not just abstract numbers. This not only allows the current audience to make a personal connection but also allows them to see how this campaign will impact others.
By looking forward and illustrating how the artifacts will help the cause, the speaker has further convinced the audience to agree with the importance of both organ donation itself and participating in the campaign described in the speech.
[several paragraphs omitted]
In conclusion, the facts remain that:
90,350 people are waiting…for a life-saving transplant
19 people die every day because of the lack of organ donation.
Last year 6,529 people died …waiting for a life saving transplant.
In 2004 there were 7,151 donors and their families who chose to share the “gift of life”.
According to the Department of Health and Human Resources in 2004, 27,036 people received a lifesaving organ transplant.*[14]
Organ donation is based on altruism in our culture. That is according to Mr. Webster an unselfish concern for or dedication to the interests or welfare of others. My final plea to this audience of truth seeking, compassionate, educated individuals would be to take a look at the facts, take a look at the need then take a look at what you can and will do to help fill the gap for Alex, Christopher, Amy, Fletcher, Mike, Katy, Jim, Jonah, Kim, Crystal, Gloria, Darcy, Chuck, Nikolette, Caleb, Don, Zachary, Joshua, Isabella, Mark, Kennedy, Alicia, Jerry, Ashton, Gary and Nona. *[15]
[16]Organ donation costs nothing, yet could mean everything!
Susan says:
*[14–15]Though the speaker might choose a more effective phrase than “in conclusion,” the end of this speech provides a clear push to persuade the audience. By citing shocking statistics and again making the information personal by adding names (rather than only statistics), the speaker is more likely to persuade the audience.
Susan says:
[16] The final line is also a call to action. This strategy is effective because it asks listeners to personally get involved and make a difference.
Now That You’re Inspired
Now that you’re inspired by the two persuasive speech examples above, it’s time to get creative and write your own speech.
Before you do, take a look at these resources to help get your speech rolling:
After you’ve written your speech, don’t forget that Kibin editors are here to help. Our expertise isn’t limited to essays, either. We have oodles of experience editing speeches too, and we’re ready to help you with yours.
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