post an explanation of the 4 types of causal relationships:                                             – necessary and sufficient                                                                                       – necessary but not sufficient                                                                                 – sufficient but not necessary                                                                                 – neither sufficient nor necessary.

 Your post must be written in APA format. 

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 post a brief description of how epidemiology can be used to evaluate health services. Then describe an example of an epidemiological study that has been used to evaluate a screening program, include the methodological issues that an epidemiologist may face while conducting these epidemiological studies.

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  Post a brief comparison between endemic, epidemic, and pandemic diseases. Your post must be written using APA form 

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Introduction and Alignment

Lest you be left with the impression, after the previous two exercises, that you are learning a skill set you will never use, you are challenged in this exercise to write about how you would respond if an unexpected outbreak of disease or other health condition were to unexpectedly occur in the kind of workplace where you serve or expect to serve after earning your master’s degree.  You are expected to apply the principles learned in the previous exercise, and to avoid errors of interpretation of information in the setting you are describing.

Upon completion of this assignment, you should be able to:

• Avoid five of the most common methodologic errors and biases that would invalidate an epidemiologic study or investigation.
• Apply epidemiologic skills in your chosen area of specialization in the nursing profession.

Resources

• Textbook: Macha, K., & McDonough, J. P. (2012). Epidemiology for advanced nursing practice. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
  • Chapter 1 Epidemiology and Its Progress
  • Chapter 5 Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • Chapter 6, Screening and Prevention of Diseases
• Textbook:  Sullivan, L. M. (2018). Biostatistics in public health (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones
  • Chapter 11 Survival Analysis
• Video: Week 4 PPT Video 
• Video: Scaling up Awareness on Outbreak Investigation and Response
• MP3: Week 4 PPT Audio
• PowerPoint: Week 4 PPT
• File: Career Paper Rubric
• Website: Steps in Outbreak Investigation by Zach Moore
• Website: CDC Scientific Nomenclature
• Website: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
• Website: http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/en/
• Website: https://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson6/section2.html
• Website: https://www.shea-online.org/index.php/outbreak-investigation
• Website: https://www.fda.gov/food/recallsoutbreaksemergencies/outbreaks/ucm272351.htm

Instructions

1. Review, as needed, any of the resources linked above.
2. In a formal paper, follow the rubric found in the resources and pasted below to describe:
   1. your future career role: nurse practitioner, nurse educator, or nurse administrator, and
   2.  without repeating, yet another outbreak from history and how you would foresee functioning if a major outbreak of infectious disease affected your institution or community, including working with the media and public,
   3. apply the 10-steps of outbreak investigation, and
   4. one way in which this training in avoiding epidemiologic traps might come in handy in helping manage the outbreak.
   5. Mention at least one specific epidemiologic trap.
3. Use scholarly writing skills and APA format.
4. When you have completed your assignment, save a copy for yourself and submit a copy to your instructor using the Dropbox.

4.5 Drobpox: Future Career Goals

Assessment Criteria

Criteria

5 Points

4-3 Points

2-0 Points

Career and likely epidemiological responsibilities.

Provided clear and complete description of career role and relevancy of epidemiology.Described career role but with some ambiguities or inconsistencies.Career goal not present or had to be inferred from other comments.

Outbreaks that could realistically happen.

Accurate and detailed description of a known type of outbreak that could likely occur in the setting and uses statistics to describe its history and current trend of incidence and prevalence.Outbreak described but with inconsistencies, or as unlikely to occur in the setting. Uses statistics to describe history or trend of incidence and/or prevalence.Outbreak not described or description is entirely off base factually. Stats not used to describe the outbreak.

Function in the event of an outbreak.

Describes workable role for this professional in this outbreak, in significant detail, protection of self, staff, other patients, etc.Lacks detail, inappropriate role, or mismatched to type of outbreak. Protection described in a limited fashion.Role not described or has to be inferred from other comments. Protection not addressed.

Working with the media and public.

Describes how to educate the public, gain media cooperation, and gives a full narrative about what the public should do to protect self and others, and how to treat if affected, using language that avoids panic.Description of public or media response lacks detail, or is less than workable. Narrative to public about protecting self and others and steps to treat is sketchy.Reader cannot tell what the student intends to do about public or media response. No narrative regarding how to protect self and others.

Epidemiologic traps.

Correctly identifies one of the epidemiologic traps presented in the course, gives a correct example of it, and a workable strategy to avoid.Description of the epi trap has inconsistencies, or the plan to avoid it has flaws.Example of epi trap, if given, is not correct or unlikely to occur in the setting.

Criteria

10 Points

8-9 Points

7-5 Points

4 Points

Apply the 10 steps of outbreak investigation.

Strongly applies all of the 10 steps model, to this outbreak and incorporates disease specific information into each step.Applies most of the 10 steps model, to this outbreak and incorporates disease specific information into each step.Description of outbreak response model is inconsistent or incomplete; information is lacking.Reader cannot reasonably discern that an outbreak response model is applied.

Criteria

5 Points

4 Points

3-2 Points

1-0 Points

APA format: margins, font, etc.

Less than one correction per page.One to two corrections per page, deduction depends on seriousness of errors.Three to five corrections per page, deduction depends on seriousness of errors.Frequent corrections made; not adhering to graduate level expectations.

Grammar, tense, punctuation, noun/verb agreement sentence structure.

Less than one correction per page.One to two corrections per page, depending on seriousness of errors.Three to five corrections per page, deduction depends on seriousness of errors.Frequent corrections made; not adhering to graduate level expectations.

Total Points

5

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INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Go to http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx and review the Healthy People 2020 initiative. Pay close attention to the objectives, goals and the indicators.

2. Using your city or county public health department identify an epidemiological and surveillance data related to population based communicable illnesses described in table 5-1 page 72 of our class text book. Besides the illnesses describe you can also choose influenza or any other illnesses that are currently affecting your community.

3. Once you have chosen your topics you must send me an e-mail telling me what illnesses  you choose. 

4. Choose 3 population based communicable illness and prepare an analysis discussing how this 3-communicable illness affect your community and how they were identified and a plan of action to contained them base on healthy people 2020.

5. Presentation must be in APA format word document, Arial 12 font attach to the forum/thread in the assignment tab and turnitin with a minimum of 1000 words (excluding first and references page) with a minimum of 3 evidence based references (excluding the class textbook) no older than 5 years are required. The assignment must include the zip code of the city or county chosen. Follow the APA example paper that was sent to you at the beginning of the course for guidance. Make sure references are use according to APA guidelines and electronic references must be from reliable sources such as CDC. Once again, the assignment will be posted in turnitin under the tab epidemiology assignment to verify originality and on the discussion tab of the blackboard under forum/thread epidemiology assignment. You are posting the assignment twice but only you will receive one grade.

6. Assignment is due in the discussion tab of the blackboard for discussion and in turnitin for grading .

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