Discussion Working With Children And Adolescents Versus Adults

THE JOB IS TO REPLY WITH A COMMENT TO EACH POST, POST 1 AND POST 2. WITH 2 COMPLETED (EDUCATIONAL  REFERENCE) includidig retrival or doi, IN APA WITH CITATION ABOVE 2013 PER COMMENT.

POST 1

Assessment in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

            The assessment process of children and adolescents in psychiatry is vastly different than that of adults. Why is this? Oftentimes, children have the same emotional, cognitive, and behavioral deficits. In children and adolescents, however, the justification for behaviors isn’t always as easy to determine. Per the NIMH (2019), children are more difficult to diagnose because of their lack of understanding of their symptoms, withdrawn demeanor, and influence of external factors on their behaviors. Because of this, specific assessment tools are employed that differentiate child/adolescent assessments from that of adults. 

Why a Development Assessment of Children and Adolescents is Important

 Bellman, Byrne, and Sege (2013) suggest that behavioral deficits in adulthood are often correlated to developmental delays in childhood.  Likewise,  Shogren, et al. (2015) discussed a direct correlation to emotional support needs in children and adolescents with developmental disabilities and behavioral deficits in adulthood. Developmental delays aren’t always cognitive in nature. Developmental delays in children and adolescents can be cognitive, such as those caused by chromosomal disorders, or seizure disorders. Developmental delays can be social, emotional, or behavioral–such as autism disorder or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.  With certain developmental delays, alterations in brain development can affect the way these individuals process and react to information—causing difficulties in learning, communication, and interpersonal interactions (NYU Langone Health, 2019). Understanding which delays are present, if any, can assist in determining viable treatment options and potential behavioral concerns that may manifest. 

Two Assessment Instruments and Justification for Use in Children/Adolescents but Not Adults

            Two screening tools unique to the treatment of adolescents and children are as follows: The C-GAS and the HEADSSS questionnaire. The C-GAS, or Children’s Global Assessment Scale, is used for children and adolescents, ages 4-16, to determine any functional impairments that may exist (NSW Department of Health, 2015). This scale is not utilized in adults, because it specifically measures the child’s level of functioning in areas such as school, with peers, emotional functioning, and functioning within society (NSW Department of Health, 2015). The HEADSSS questionnaire, however, was developed to determine adolescent risk factors in the following areas: home, Education/employment, activities, drugs, sexuality, suicide/self-image, and safety (Heard Alliance, 2011). This assessment tool is used for adolescents only to determine specific risk factors in the child’s life. Afterall, certain risk factors can lead to at-risk behaviors. This assessment tool identifies those factors in hopes of establishing protective mechanisms. 

Two Treatment Options for Children/Adolescents that are Not Used in Adults

 There are several treatment modalities favored in the child/adolescent populations that are often not employed in adult mental health treatment. These include the use of parental participation and favoritism toward psychotherapy opposed to medication usage. Many psychotropic medications and other medications used in the mental health treatment of children and adolescents are based on evidence-based treatment regimens, opposed to actual pediatric dosing. In addition, side effects of medications warrant caution in younger age groups. Because of this, psychotherapy is the most highly recommended treatment option for children. Psychotherapy is equally utilized in adult psychiatric treatment. However, adult treatment is often augmented with psychopharmacological intervention. In addition, treatment for children entails frequent evaluation. For example, the NIMH (2019) proposed that the incorporation of “teaching skills” and “practicing skills” within the home are unique to child/adolescent psychiatric care. This requires frequent evalution to determine if these skills are resolving the child’s mental health concerns, whether it be improvements adacemically, improved social skills, or a decrease in disruptive behaviors. 

Parental Role in Assessment and Treatment of Children/Adolescents

 Parents play a major role in their child’s psychiatric care. Per Haine-Schlagel and Walsh (2015), the mental health of children and adolescents is largely influenced by their interpersonal interactions, family, and social life. A child’s family interactions and environment represents the largest contributor to childhood behavioral problems (Haine-Schlagel & Walsh, 2015). Because of this, Haine-Schlagel and Walsh (2015) discuss the importance of incorporating family, if possible, into the child’s psychiatric treatment. This can be accomplished through family therapy, or having educational sessions with the parents to discuss communication strategies, discipline strategies, and other helpful tactics. Per Haine-Schlagel and Walsh (2015), parental participation is often difficult related to feelings of “blame” or difficulty with understanding the therapeutic point of view (pg. 135). However, is is suggested that parental involvement is an evidence-based treatment modality– promoting child and adolescent treatment outcomes for a variety of disparities, including depression, defiant disorders, eating disorders, disruptive disorders, and childhood anxiety disorders. 

References

Bellman, M., Byrne, O., & Sege, R. (2013). Developmental Assessment of Children. British Journal of Medicine, 346(21), 31-35. Retrieved from Walden Library databases.

Haine-Schlagel, R., & Walsh, N. E. (2015). A Review of Parent Participation Engagement in Child and Family Mental Health Treatment. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 18(2), 133-150. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4433419/.

Heard Alliance. (2011). HEADSSS Assessment: Risk and Protective Factors. Retrieved from http://www.heardalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/HEADSS.pdf

NIMH. (2019). Children and Mental Health: Is This Just a Stage? Retrieved from National Institute of Mental Health: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/children-and-mental-health/index.shtml

NSW Department of Health. (2015). Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS). Retrieved from http://www.thereachinstitute.org/images/CGAS.pdf

NYU Langone Health. (2019). Types of Developmental Delays in Children. Retrieved from Hassenfeld Children’s Hospital at NYU Lagone: https://nyulangone.org/conditions/developmental-delays-in-children/types

Shogren, K. A., Seo, H., Wehmeyer, M. L., Palmer, S. B., Thompson, J. R., Hughes, C., & Little, T. D. (2015). Support Needs of Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Age-Related Implications for Assessment. Psychology in the Schools, 52(9), 874-891. Retrieved from Walden Library databases.

POST 2

Pediatric Screening, Treatment, and Parents Role in Mental Health

The human brain is amazing. Our brains continue to grow as we age, learn, and interact with our environment. The human brain is not fully formed until one’s early 20’s (Giedd, 2004). This means the brain appears different on imaging during different stages of childhood and adolescents. A child could be developing on time, then start deteriorating and losing milestones it once had. An assessment would be needed to identify areas the child was no longer developing on par in. The assessment would identify what is wrong, give a diagnosis which could open means to fund treatment and get the child back on course. Children and adolescents think differently from each other and adults. It is important to speak to these kids at their level, which is impossible to do unless the provider does a brief assessment of where the client is intellectually and emotional and developmental age. Then the provider can alter their approach to meet the client where they are at. How these kids think influences the approach to treatment.

Pediatric Assessments and Screening Tools

            The Vanderbilt Assessment Scale Parent Informant helps providers identify symptoms of ADHD. The questions listed address specific symptoms that occur in childhood ADHD, like climbing on things and running around when supposed to be sitting. If this tool was used on adults, adult ADHD could be missed because the Vanderbilt Assessment Scale Parent Informant does not target adult ADHD’s symptoms thus missing key symptoms of ADHD in adults. Adults might not climb on the furniture, but they may be forgetful and disorganized a lot.

 CRAFFT is a screening tool for risky behaviors associated with substances. This tool addresses risky behavior teens may take part in. Alcohol is illegal for teens to consume, but adults can legally drink. What is considered a risky behavior for teens may not be for adults. CRAFFT is not ideal for adults. There are other assessment tools specific to the risky behaviors adult present. Leslie (2008) stressed the importance of routine screening for substances and risky behavior among teens. CRAFFT was found to be a valid screening tool to identify substance-related problems and disorders (Knight, Sherritt, Shrier, Harris, & Chang, 2002).

Pediatric Treatment Options

            Play therapy is a type of therapy targeting the developmental age of the client. One large meta-analysis found play therapy to be efficacious and equally effective across ages, gender and presenting problems (Bratton, Ray, Rhine, & Jones, 2005). The greatest improvement was seen when parents were involved with play therapy (Bratton et al., 2005).

            Many studies use elementary school as the medium or location to treat children. Prevention of negative outcomes is a common theme in schools. Children have little to no control over their home environment. So public schools have made changes to help students have higher chances of succeeding. Mental health problems prevention strategies can be implemented in schools. There is often a psychotherapist in the school and a free period at school to allow teens to make up homework that was not done at home. Tol, Komproe, Susanty, Jordans, … & De Jong (2008) conducted multiple control trials with interventions targeting mental health in schools for kids affected by political violence. The unique aspect of providing interventions and treatment in school is it is a safe, consistent, structured environment the child attends on a regular basis. And there are plenty of adults in the school that may be able to help with the interventions. 

            School is an ideal location to promote healthy development in children and provide prevention interventions to help children have positive outcomes. Adults are not treated like this. There is not one location nearly everyone goes to on a regular basis, which is a consistently safe environment. Adults work at different businesses and on different days. Often, mental health prevention is not addressed in adults to the degree it is in children and adolescents.

Parent’s Role in Treatment

Parents are vital when working with children and adolescents. When parents are involved and support their child, the child has better chances of succeeding and healing. One way parents can help is by providing information to practitioners in the form of screening and assessment dah data. Parents may need to give feedback because the client lacks insight, awareness, ability to express or even define complex feelings. The parent can provide assessment tools or screening tools to the child’s teacher, thus allowing for more data to be gathered in another environment the child is in.

Parents can also encourage teens to participate in the assessment. Parents may bring up symptoms or events the teen or child does not want to talk about, allowing for more data or an alternate perspective on their situation. Information gathered from parents of adolescents may or may not be accurate because teens often filter details of their lives to parents. 

Parents can help children and teens follow through getting needed treatment, provide reminders and transportation to their children, and refill prescriptions.

Bratton, S. C., Ray, D., Rhine, T., & Jones, L. (2005). The efficacy of play therapy with children: A meta-analytic review of treatment outcomes. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice36(4), 376.

Giedd, J. N. (2004). Structural magnetic resonance imaging of the adolescent brain. Annals of the new york academy of sciences1021(1), 77-85.

Knight, J. R., Sherritt, L., Shrier, L. A., Harris, S. K., & Chang, G. (2002). Validity of the CRAFFT substance abuse screening test among adolescent clinic patients. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine156(6), 607-614. 

Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Susanty, D., Jordans, M. J., Macy, R. D., & De Jong, J. T. (2008). School-based mental health intervention for children affected by political violence in Indonesia: a cluster randomized trial. Jama300(6), 655-662.Leslie, K. (2008). Youth substance use and abuse: challenges and strategies for identification and intervention. Cmaj178(2), 145-148.

 
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Discussion Workplace Environment Assessment 19472881

You may think your current organization operates seamlessly, or you may feel it has many issues. You may experience or even observe things that give you pause. Yet, much as you wouldn’t try to determine the health of a patient through mere observation, you should not attempt to gauge the health of your work environment based on observation and opinion. Often, there are issues you perceive as problems that others do not; similarly, issues may run much deeper than leadership recognizes.

There are many factors and measures that may impact organizational health. Among these is civility. While an organization can institute policies designed to promote such things as civility, how can it be sure these are managed effectively? In this Discussion, you will examine the use of tools in measuring workplace civility.

To Prepare:

  • Review the Resources and examine the Clark Healthy Workplace Inventory, found on page 20 of Clark (2015).
  • Review and complete the Work Environment Assessment Template in the Resources.

Post a brief description of the results of your Work Environment Assessment. Based on the results, how civil is your workplace? Explain why your workplace is or is not civil. Then, describe a situation where you have experienced incivility in the workplace. How was this addressed? Be specific and provide examples.

4 references:

 
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Discussion Workplace Environment Assessment

How healthy is your workplace?

You may think your current organization operates seamlessly, or you may feel it has many issues. You may experience or even observe things that give you pause. Yet, much as you wouldn’t try to determine the health of a patient through mere observation, you should not attempt to gauge the health of your work environment based on observation and opinion. Often, there are issues you perceive as problems that others do not; similarly, issues may run much deeper than leadership recognizes.

There are many factors and measures that may impact organizational health. Among these is civility. While an organization can institute policies designed to promote such things as civility, how can it be sure these are managed effectively? In this Discussion, you will examine the use of tools in measuring workplace civility.

To Prepare:

  • Review the Resources and examine the Clark Healthy Workplace Inventory, found on page 20 of Clark (2015).
  • Review and complete the Work Environment Assessment Template in the Resources.

Post a brief description of the results of your Work Environment Assessment. Based on the results, how civil is your workplace? Explain why your workplace is or is not civil. Then, describe a situation where you have experienced incivility in the workplace. How was this addressed? Be specific and provide examples.

3 to 4 references with 5 years

 
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Discussion

Complete this week’s assigned readings, chapters 86 & 89. After completing the readings, post a short reflection, approximately 1 paragraph in length, discussing your thoughts and/or professional concerns about one or several of the specific topics covered in the textbook readings. pertaining to politics in associations and interest groups. Identify which one MSN Essential most relates to your selected topic in your discussion.

As a reminder, no scholarly sources are required and students do not have to reply to a classmate’s original post. This post does not have an end date but please make an effort to complete your post before next week’s discussion post is posted and/or due in order to avoid falling behind.

 
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Discussion1 19474533

 Respond to at least two of your colleagues’ posts by offering suggestions/strategies for working with this database from your own experience, or offering ideas for using alternative resources.

at least 2 references in each peer responses! 

  Clinical documentation improvement seems to be a very gray area of nursing and in the medical field, in general. Most times, nurses working in this field find ourselves educating physicians and hospital administration about the importance of our program and how it impacts quality outcomes for the hospital. Most hospital administrations and physicians like to think of our department as dealing with hospital reimbursement. While part of this may have been true when the programs were created with most CDI program falling under a revenue cycle department, programs are now quality driven. Clinical documentation affects patient outcomes by showing the severity of illness and case mix index of a specific DRG while capturing all of the comorbid conditions that also affect a stay, such as diabetes with hyperglycemia. Finding peer reviewed articles, like the ones below, provide evidence of how a CDI program helps to improve everything from length of stays and better outcomes for patients and families. 

I was honestly very surprised to find so many articles in the ScienceDirect area of the Walden Library. I have been looking for articles such as these to help support our program in Tampa with our physicians. Ongoing education and support is something that I am always striving to bring to our physicians. It is very difficult to show the worth of your program to physicians and administration without discussing dollars and cents. I would definitely love to share this information with my colleagues, both nurses and physicians. Sometimes, physicians need additional resources to help them understand. Nurses working in this field can always use more resources to help better assist them in explaining and using evidence to explain and validate why our program is so important. 

 
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Discussion1 Dollar4

 

Our health, or the absence of such, can be very expensive. Many vulnerable populations simply do not have private funds available to pay for their care.  Relating your research to individuals with mental conditions, select a mental illness of your choice and discuss your response to the following questions:

  • What public financing resources are available to individuals with this particular mental condition?
  • What are the eligibility requirements and restrictions to receive these funds?
  • What happens if eligibility standards/requirements are not met by those with this illness?
  • Research and discuss two methods of alternative funding for care for this group. What are the benefits and limitations of the methods you discussed?

Your initial contribution should be 250 to 300 words in length. Your research and claims must be supported by your course text and at least one other scholarly source. Use proper APA formatting for in-text citations and references as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

 
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Discussion17

 Discuss the importance of frequent monitoring of lab values for clients receiving TPN(total parent nutrition).

 2 paragraphs 

 
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Discussion2 19474535

Respond to at least two of your colleagues’ posts by offering suggestions/strategies for working with this database from your own experience, or offering ideas for using alternative resources.

at least 2 references in each peer responses! 

To craft research papers, the research to support the topic must be research articles should be quality, peer-reviewed from a credible source. Above is an example of a research article that meets criteria to be incorporated into a graduate-level body of work. To obtain the peer-reviewed article above, I utilized the Walden Library database search. The article titled “Trends in Pediatric Emergency Department Visits for Mental Health Conditions and Disposition by Presence of a Psychiatric Unit” comes from Academic Pediatrics, which is a peer-reviewed publication. The research presented in this article used a cross-sectional survey to identify patterns of mental health-related visits of youth populations to pediatric emergency departments (Rodean et al., 2019). A cross-sectional survey is a qualitative study that aims to identify patterns, behaviors, actions, and experiences with the use of self-administered interviews (Smith, 2009, p. 7). Since I plan to focus on the pediatric population once I obtain my Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP), this journal article is relevant to my career path. Using the Walden library search has been advantageous as it is user-friendly and had many choices to choose from when I searched for “pediatric mental health.”

Because of the reasons mentioned above, I did not find it difficult to find related material to my subject of choice. I believe because of the ease of use and the ability to use the “ask a librarian” tool to help find resources, the Thoreau search through Walden University Library is a collection of databases that would be useful to my colleagues. Overall, I would recommend the Thoreau search through the Walden University Library, as it has an expansive variety of peer-reviewed, reputable resources and articles as it searches many databases all in one place (Walden University, n.d.). Incorporating articles and resources that are reputable and peer-reviewed is essential when creating bodies of work that are credible (Laureate Education, 2018). By evaluating resources this week, I am gaining a better understanding of what resources to utilize to create reliable resources that are full of integrity.

 
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Discussion250 Words With Apa Style Attached Is The Rubrics Pleas Follow Them Similarity No More Than 10 Resources No More Than 5 Years

 Similarity no more than 10% resources no more than 5 years

As an advanced practice nurse, one can engage in activism in order to achieve desired policy change at various levels including their own organization. Examine the following questions, should nurses be unionized and how does being unionized impact a workforce culture of safety? Be sure to include one MSN Essential in your discussion that relates to this topic.

 Unit 4 Policy and Politics in The Workplace and Workforce Chapters 53,54,57,58 Nursing and the Courts, Licensure, Regulation & Safety Quality & Safety Policy Issues 

 
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Discussion3 19061139

Primary Task Response: Within the Discussion Board area, write 250-350 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas.

How healthcare services are provided is constantly changing.  While historically, emergency departments (ED) was physically located within the hospital building, the standalone Emergency Department also referred to as the Free Standing Emergency Department (FSED) has become a new model for delivery of emergency services within communities.   Consider yourself in the role of a consultant to a healthcare organization, financial manager, or ED administrative director. You have been asked to provide the CEO and leadership with pros and cons of establishing a Free Standing Emergency Department.  You are aware of the news stories about these types of facilities, and you will want to review The Washington Post article at this link as you prepare your review.

Include in your discussion:

  • Differences between off campus emergency departments (OCEDs) and independent free standing emergency centers (IFECs).  What would be the advantage to the healthcare organization of an OCED?
  • How would services provided be reimbursed either by private insurance or Medicare/Medicaid?
  • What are the advantages or disadvantages to the community of an FSED?  Would members of the community favor an OCED or an IFEC?
  • Why are most of the FSEDs located in Texas, Colorado and Ohio?
  • Based on your research and the news stories about FSEDs, what would you recommend to the CEO and Board of Directors?

NOTE: Use at least two scholarly references and cite using APA format.

 
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