PLEASE RESPOND TO THIS DISCUSSION 

 

Adhering to ethical principles and protection of human subjects are important considerations in all forms of research.

Ethical principals are the morals that one needs to follow when doing research. Protection of human subjects is a broad statement in my opinion. Protection of what their permission to study them (informed consent), their vulnerability, their risk/benefit of participating, will they be harmed in anyway. These are all topics that “human subjects” need to be protected from. These are also topics that need to be considered before the study is even conducted, they need to be considered in the very beginning.  

How stringent or similar should these ethical principles be to the standards placed on the conduction of clinical and/or educational research?

The same principles that are used to conduct the clinical research should also be used in educational research. When research is done in a clinical research and a d=education research “human subjects” are involved in both. There is also a risk/benefit ratio and everyone still needs to give consent. The risk/benefit ratio should be low risk to the all involved and the benefit may not exist but should most definitely cause no harm.

Offer examples where controversy exists regarding application of ethical principles in evidence-based practice projects, best practices in education versus clinical research?

During the Guatemala sexually transmitted disease study participants where not informed of what was going to happen to them. The participants were exposed to syphilis and other diseases and then they were treated. According to Murray (2014) the researcher should be one that is qualified to do research. Just as in the Guatemala study the researcher was not qualified to do the study so it was not preformed correctly and all participants were not protected.

Be sure to address HIPAA and FERPA depending on your focus – clinical practice vs academic education.

 HIPAA pertains to not just the patient’s privacy rights that come to mind when you hear the word. HIPAA encompasses the participant, participant’s rights and their personal records.  HIPAA would apply to a participant in the clinical practice. FERPA allows parents to be able to access their minor children’s records. FERPA is in place to protect minor participants and their parents. FERPA is used when the participant is in an academic educational setting.

References 

Grove, S. K., & Burns, N. (2017). The Practice of Nursing Research: Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of Evidence (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders.

Murray, J. S., PhD. (2014). Recognizing ethical issues in research. Clinical Scholars Review, 7(1), 63-69. Retrieved from https://prx-herzing.lirn.net/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.prx-herzing.lirn.net/docview/1515913240?accountid=167104

 

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Workflow Assessment for Health IT Toolkit   Workflow can be defined as a term used to describe the action or execution of a series of tasks in a prescribed sequence (McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2015). 

Workflow tools can help make it easier to redesign workflow and aid in the application of health information technology (U.S Department of Health and Human Services, n.d). 

For the purpose of this discussion three workflow tools were selected which include benchmarking interviews and usability evaluation.  Benchmarking  Benchmarking is a process of evaluating metrics or best practices from other organizations (either related or unrelated to your own) and then applying them to your organization (U.S Department of Health and Human Services, n.d). 

Benchmarking is an important tool that facilitators can use to motivate a practice to engage in improvement work and to help members of a practice understand where their performance falls in comparison to others. Benchmarking can stimulate healthy competition, as well as help members of a practice reflect more effectively on their own performance. Benchmarking can be done by reaching out to peers at other facilities and finding out what they do and if it works well. My facility has many other sister and we are the bigger where we encounter most of the problem. The common system that all we use is the point click care.  What I going to do is to contact all the leader of the entire facility sister, so we can have a meeting to debate about each system in place in each facility. I would want to physically see how the design of their system works and if the charting works well. Because nurse has to be involve in and informatics technology process, I would bring with me 2 to 3 clinical managers nurses to see the charting, so they could also see the new idea and give feedback on their feelings about it. Based on the information gathered I would plan a process to implement the new ideas into the charting system at our facility.  

Interviews provide a means of eliciting information from a group of individuals regarding their opinions, behavior, or knowledge (U.S Department of Health and Human Services, n.d). Here the interview involves 2 to more people and during the interview, data are collected and most of the time, it is the interviewee who provide data Here, I will set up an interview with 2 to 3 leaders form the sister facility where I will ask questions about sensitive issues, to determine users’ needs on the systems and to clarify some of my questions question.  

Usability evaluation  A usability evaluation is conducted to determine the extent to which a system is easy to use or “user friendly.” (U.S Department of Health and Human Services, n.d). Here I will determine if the new system is useful to user and if it is easy for to use it before implementation. Here I will determine the goal of my evaluation, what will be evaluated and how? For that I will choose some main staff from each sister facility who will conduct the survey to the rest of the staff to see how easy it is for them to use the informatics system. Based on the result, I will see what the areas of improvement before the implementation.  The article I will be use the information to improve workflow within your organization is:  Improvement of workflow and processes to ease and enrich meaningful use of health information technology (Singh & al., 2014).  In this article the author develop a self-contained workflow toolkit that uses ‘universal visual language’ and recognizes that most practices lack the required expertise and often need external assistance because the current methods (using esoteric charts or various software packages11 that require long and steep learning curves) are alien to health care workers and are, therefore, perceived to be barriers (Singh & al., 2014). It is a well established fact that, in any setting or industry, better management of work processes leads to improved value. Education and training of stakeholders in this management skill needs appropriate tools. The toolkit particularly addresses the ‘system-based practice’ and ‘practice-based learning and continuing improvement’ (Singh & al., 2014). Base on that, I will educate staff by using that pictorial tool for assessing the current and continuing redesigns of future workflows for achieving staff comfort, efficiency, communication, organization, productivity, effectiveness, safety, and satisfaction of patients and staff, all without having to seek outside help.  According to Caspi (2015), it is clear that informatics nurses will continue to be instrumental players in the analysis, implementation, and optimization of advanced information systems and emerging technologies that aim to improve the quality of patient care, while reducing costs.     

Caspi, H. (2015). The significant impact of nursing informatics on workflow, productivity. Healthcare Dive. Retrieved from https://www.healthcaredive.com/news/the-significant-impact…workflow…/387301  McGonigle,  D., & Mastrian, K. G. (2018). Nursing informatics and the foundation of  knowledge (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett  Learning. Chapter 13, “Workflow and Beyond Meaningful Use”     Singh, R. Singh, A., Singh, R., Singh, R. (2014). Improvement of workflow and processes to ease and enrich meaningful use of health information technology. DOI: 10.2147/AMEP.S53307. Retrieved form Walden library.   U.S department of health and human services (n.d.b). Workflow Assessment for Health IT Toolkit.http://healthit.ahrq.gov/portal/server.pt/community/health_it_tools_and_resources/919/workflow_assessment_for_health_it_toolkit/27865

 

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Provide a 3-4 sentence response to the discussion question answer that is provided below. The original question will also be provided.

Response: The list of research and practice is 1) Systematic reviews followed by the following,

2) Randomized control trials (RCT’s), 3) Non-randomized controlled studies, 4) Controlled cohort studies, 5) Uncontrolled cohort studies, 6) Case studies and case series, qualitative and descriptive studies, EBP implementation, and QI projects, and 7) Expert opinion (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2018).

There are many methods of research. One must start out with a review of the literature in their inquiry. One of the reasons is to see what research has been done as to not duplicate unnecessary research. A review will also help to see where to begin a research study or project. If a project is desired, is there enough evidence with reliability, validity, applicability, and replicability? If the evidence is sufficient, and has been applied to quality improvement and/or EBP projects then it can be possibly considered as expert opinion. Whatever you find in the process at least you can then consider if the research has the necessary information available or whether you may want to find another topic for research. It depends on what your reason is for the search.

Original Question: What levels of evidence are present in relation to research and practice, and why it is important regardless of the method you use?

 

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The responses should be 100 words and should add to the understanding and learning of the topic and should include at least one peer-reviewed journal article reference.

i attached  two students discussion and please response for each one in 100 words and use peer reviewed journal article for each one. i need that after 3 hours 

 

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Research is a systemic investigation used to answer questions. For nursing, research uses the scientific process to study nursing questions for nursing practice. “Research promotes accountability, which is one of the hallmarks of the nursing profession and a fundamental concept of the American Nurses Association Code of Nurses,” (Haber, 2018, p.7). An example of this would be exploring how patients rate their pain on a numeric scale. This type of research helps with evaluating the experience patients feel post-operative.   Evidence-based practice (EBP) is the collection and evaluation of valid research, clinical expertise, and patient values to make a clinical decision. “The IOM has issued a challenge to change the way nursing is practiced by bridging the chasm between research knowledge and practice.” (Brower, 2017, p.18). EBP can ensure the best practice of care for patients, along with decreasing mortality rates. An example of EBP would be a nurse gathering research based on how health care clinics bring about lowering hospital-acquired infections, and using that evidence from the research to provide the best possible outcome. Quality improvement (QI) is using data from different outcomes of care and improvement processes to improve the quality of health care. Current nursing knowledge and methods are researched, alongside with outcomes of certain care processes to answer a question in order to make improvements in nursing care for patients. An example of QI would be a nurse conducting research for an outcome of care involving patient injuries. The nurse would use already existing studies on how health care facilities prevent patient injuries, compare this knowledge to the methods the health care facility they work at use with the outcomes presented, and then create a possible new method of care that can be an improvement. 

Brower, J., E., & Nemec, R. (2017). Origins of evidence-based practice and what it means for nurses. International Journal of Childbirth Education, 32(2), 14-18. 

Haber, J., & Lobiondo-Wood, G. (2018). Nursing research: Methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice (9th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier. 

 

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