The neurological system affects all parts and functions of the body through nerve stimulation. Nerves also control the sensation and perception of pain. While pain can be described in a variety of ways, it is essentially labeled according to its duration and source. As an advanced practice nurse evaluating a patient, you need to consider the following questions: Does the pain quickly come and go, or is it persistent and ongoing? Does the pain arise at the source of injury or in another location? In this Discussion, you compare three common types of pain—acute, chronic, and referred.

To Prepare

· Review this week’s media presentation on the neurological system, as well as Chapter 14 in the Huether and McCance text.

· Identify the pathophysiology of acute, chronic, and referred pain. Consider the similarities and differences between these three types of pain.

· Select two of the following patient factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Reflect on how the factors you selected might impact the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prescription of treatment for acute, chronic, and referred pain.

Discussion Post: 

Post a description of the pathophysiology of acute, chronic, and referred pain, including similarities and differences between them. Then, explain how the factors you selected might impact the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prescription of treatment for acute, chronic, and referred pain.

Required Readings

Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

• Chapter 13, “Structure and      Function of the Neurologic System”

This chapter begins with an overview of the structure and function of the nervous system. It also explains the importance of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems.

• Chapter 14, “Pain,      Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function”

This chapter covers the role of pain, sleep, stress, and the senses on body functions. It also explores alterations involving pain, sleep, stress, and the senses.

• Chapter 15, “Alterations in      Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function”

This chapter explores disorders of cognitive systems, neuromotor function, tone, movement, and motor performance. It also examines factors that impact these disorders as well as clinical manifestations.

• Chapter 16, “Disorders of      the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and Neuromuscular Junction”

This chapter examines the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and evaluation and treatment of central and peripheral nervous system disorders. Tumors of the central nervous system are also covered.

• Chapter 17, “Alterations of      Neurologic Function in Children”

This chapter focuses on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment of neurologic disorders and brain tumors in children. Normal growth and development is also examined.

Hammer, G. D., & McPhee, S. J. (2019). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

• Chapter 7, “Nervous System      Disorders”

This chapter begins with an overview of the structure and function of the nervous system to lay a foundation for exploring nervous system disorders. It then examines several nervous system disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and stroke.

• Chapter 12, “Disorders of      the Adrenal Medulla”

This chapter examines disorders relating to alterations of the adrenal medulla. It classifies disorders by the organ or tissue that is most impacted by the disorder. The pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, symptoms, and signs of the disorders are also covered.

• Chapter 19, “Disorders of      the Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland”

This chapter covers the structure and function of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands. It also explores disorders of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands.

• Chapter 21, “Disorders of      the Adrenal Cortex”

This chapter begins by exploring the structure and function of the adrenal cortex. It then explores disorders relating to alterations of the adrenal cortex.

 

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The neurological system affects all parts and functions of the body through nerve stimulation. Nerves also control the sensation and perception of pain. While pain can be described in a variety of ways, it is essentially labeled according to its duration and source. As an advanced practice nurse evaluating a patient, you need to consider the following questions: Does the pain quickly come and go, or is it persistent and ongoing? Does the pain arise at the source of injury or in another location? In this Discussion, you compare three common types of pain—acute, chronic, and referred.

To Prepare

• Review this week’s media presentation on the neurological system, as well as Chapter 14 in the Huether and McCance text.
• Identify the pathophysiology of acute, chronic, and referred pain. Consider the similarities and differences between these three types of pain.
• Select two of the following patient factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Reflect on how the factors you selected might impact the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prescription of treatment for acute, chronic, and referred pain.

Post a description of the pathophysiology of acute, chronic, and referred pain, including similarities and differences between them. Then, explain how the factors you selected might impact the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prescription of treatment for acute, chronic, and referred pain.i need 3 to 4 references.

 

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Choose a patient-care situation in which the RN should intervene and advocate for the patient.  An example of such a situation might be when a patient has not been given complete informed consent.

Include the following in your paper:

• Describe the clinical situation concisely and descriptively. It can be an actual situation or a hypothetical one.
• Apply the Bioethical Decision Making Model to the specific clinical ethical situation that you choose. Address each section of the model in your paper.
• Conclude with a discussion of nursing advocacy in the clinical setting and the nurse’s role as a patient advocate.  

Your paper should be 4-5 pages.

You must reference and cite 1-2 scholarly sources other than your text. Include a title page and a reference page to cite your text and adhere to APA formatting.

 BioethicalDecisionMakingModel 1. Definethedilemma:Useyourownwordstodescribetheproblem.Stateitinaway thatotherscanquicklyunderstandyourdilemma.Review 2. Identifythemedicalfacts:Describethefactsthatarerelevanttothedilemma. 3. Rememberthatthediagnosisandprognosisaremedicalfacts. 4. Identifythenon-medicalfacts(patientandfamily,externalinfluences): a. Patientandfamilyfactssuchasculture,religion,social,economic,the existenceofanAdvanceHealthcareDirective,verbalpreferencesmadeby thepatient,howthepatientlivedhis/herlife. b. Thosethatyoudiscussshouldberelevanttothesituation. 5. Externalinfluencesinclude:organizationalpolicies,federalandstatelaws,practice acts,codeofethics.Theseshouldberelevanttothesituation. 6. Forbothstep2or3,separatethefactsfromtheassumptions:Sometimesall healthcareprofessionalsallowassumptionstoguidetheirdecision-making.These mustbeidentifiedsothattheseassumptionsdonotinterferewiththeprocess. 7. Identifyitemsthatneedclarification.Yourpapershouldidentifyfactsthatyouneed toclarify.Wheninitiallydiscussinganethicalsituation,itisnotunusualtonothave alloftheanswers. 8. Identifythedecisionmakers:Isthepatientanadultcompetenttomaketheirown choices?Isthepatientachildwhoisoldenoughtohaveasayinthedecision.Ifthe patientcannotmaketheirowndecision,whoisthedecisionmaker?Howwasthis personselected? 9. Reviewtheunderlyingethicalprinciples:Reviewwhichonesandwhytheyapplyt thisparticularcase:beneficence,nonmaleficience,veracity,fidelity,autonomyand justice. 10. Definealternatives:One-Waytoproceedmaybeapparentatthispoint.However, sometimestherearedifferentchoices.Theyshouldbeaddressedidentifyingthe benefitsandburdensfordoingonethingversustheother. 11. Follow-up:Definetheprocesstobeusedwiththechosenalternative. ReferenceSource:Levine-Ariff,J.&Groh,D.H.(1990).CreatinganEthicalEnvironment. Nursem  

 

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 Post an explanation of at least two opportunities that currently exist for RNs and APRNs to actively participate in policy review. Explain some of the challenges that these opportunities may present and describe how you might overcome these challenges. Finally, recommend two strategies you might make to better advocate for or communicate the existence of these opportunities. Be specific and provide examples. 

 

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