Please provide a 3-4 sentence response to the below discussion question response with in-text citations and references. No title page needed. Original question also below.

Response:

Critical appraisal is the process of evaluating a study to determine its validity, reliability, and applicability to clinical practice (Mazurek Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019). It is important to understand how to appraise quantitative studies to assess whether the study’s research question methods and results are sufficiently valid to produce useful information (Jack et al., 2010). Validity, reliability, and applicability are all important to consider. For a quantitative study, validity is the extent to which a concept is accurately measured (Heale & Twycross, 2015). There are three types of validity. Content validity refers to whether the instrument adequately covers all the content that it should with respect to the variable (Heale & Twycross, 2015). Face validity is a subset of content validity, and it pertains to experts giving an opinion about whether an instrument measures the concept that it is intended to measure (Heale & Twycross, 2015). Construct validity refers to whether inferences can be drawn about test scores related to the concept being studied (Heale & Twycross, 2015). Reliability for a quantitative study refers to the accuracy of the research instrument (Heale & Twycross, 2015). It relates to consistency of a measure, or if the instrument can be used over and over with the same responses each time (Heale & Twycross, 2015). Finally, applicability to practice is when the findings of the study can fit into contexts outside the study situation and be utilized by researchers and clinicians (Jack et al., 2010). Validity, reliability, and applicability to practice are all important factors to consider when appraising quantitative studies, and arguments can be made that each is the most important measure. Validity is arguably the most important factor to assess because if the measurement instrument is not valid, it does not have to be reliable because it should not be utilized, and if it is not valid, the results should not be applied to practice.

Original Question:

What factors must be assessed when critically appraising quantitative studies (e.g., validity, reliability, and applicability)? Which is the most important? Why?

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MSN degree, APA format 1 page 3 references 1 from walden university library,

Due 3/2/2019 at 7pm EST

Wars and Nightingale

New Fields and Technology

Research and Respect

Past

     Earliest nurses were often a response to wars and the need for medical care for injured soldiers.  These women were patriotic but not truly educated as nurses and often caused more damage than good related to their lack of basic healthcare knowledge (Keating & DeBoor, 2018).  Florence Nightingale was a proponent of nursing education from her own experiences during the Crimean War (Davida, 2012).  She influenced some of the first nursing schools with her idea that the education should stand alone and not be associated with an apprenticeship with the teaching hospital (Keating & DeBoor, 2018).

Present

     Nurses of today specialize in all sorts of fields from the operating room to pediatrics to hospice to just name a few.  This specialization has made the nurse workforce incredibly diverse and nursing educators and programs have had to respond accordingly.  Economically, nursing schools have become expensive programs and often difficult to staff as experienced nurse educators retire (Keating & DeBoor, 2018).  Immense changes in technology from how a nurse charts to how IVFs are given have dramatically changed how nurses do their work and how they are educated.

Future

     Higher education for nurses will continue to evolve with an emphasis on nursing research as well as life-long learning (Laureate, 2012c).  The need for evidence-based nursing research will influence healthcare to the extent that the solutions garnered from nursing investigation will be on the same par as medical studies done by providers.  This increased respect for nursing could lead to increased interest in nursing as a career and in nursing education overall.

References

Davida, M. (2012).  History of nursing education:  In our past, lies our future.  Retrieved from

 http://nursingeducationhistory.org/

Keating, S.B. & DeBoor, S.S. (Ed.). (2018).  Curriculum Development and Evaluation in

     Nursing (4th Ed.).  New York, NY:  Springer.

Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012c).  Requirements through the years. 

     Baltimore, MD:  Author.

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Please, respond to the following discussion by using peer-reviewed Nursing Journal not older than 5 years. APA format required.

Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice

Evidence based practice (EBP) is related to nursing research in several ways. Evidence based practices use researched knowledge in order to improve a practice. A fundamental part of EBP is using the best presented research evidence and integrating it with other factors in making clinical decisions to improve the outcomes (Polit & Beck, 2018). Nurses need to understand a research in order to use it and to center the evidence of its practice in order to adjust it to possibly perform an EBP.

Nursing research and EBP have their differences as well. There are different requirements for nurses to do either. Any nurse can perform an EBP. They can use a knowledge in nursing and improve the results of a practice by changing a few things. A group of RNs’ on a rehabilitation unit can give group talk sessions about fall prevention measures with patients and family member and record if there are less falls in the unit as a result of this practice. Nurses need a higher education in order to perform researches. Many researches companies require that nurse acquire a master’s in nursing, or even a doctorate, prior to be hire. Both nursing research and EBP has a different set of steps to follow. Nursing research involves concepts, constructs, theories, variable, and research data (Polit & Beck, 2018). Nursing researches can be based on nursing, medical, or any other science that could relate with nursing. EBP, on the contrary, will use of a research knowledge, find a group to test, perform an intervention, compare the results, check for outcomes and make better decisions based on the best evidence. Also, there are four essential EBP skills which are asking a practice question using the PICO method, retrieving evidence from the literature, appraising the evidence, and synthesizing the evidence (Howe & Close, 2016).

In conclusion, a nursing research is a development of a new knowledge based on a study perform by nurses with a higher education while EBP can be performed by a nurse with the knowledge already known and with better evidences will improve its application. 

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Please note that the teacher marked me down for reference, she really wants an ENGLISH TITLED PEER REVIEWED NURSING JOURNAL. (Thanks :))

APA format: The letter h in Running head is not capitalized. The title after the words, Running head, is related to the title of the paper (review guidelines for formulating a running head). No first initials used for in text citation. The reference page is alphabetized. Remove hyperlinks from the reference page. 

Please, respond to the following discussion, the response requires reference from one peer-reviewed Nursing journal not older than 5 years from database and not internet. 

There are several ways nurses can make an impact on helping in improving health disparities within vulnerable populations.   Involvement in developing a program that target a population and a health issue within that population is an option.  There needs to be several individuals involved in the development of a program and keeping it running.  Going out there and becoming involved in an issue that means something as a health care provider could be the first step into addressing health disparities.  The textbook gives several examples in chapter 22 of programs that the textbook’s authors have been involved in (De Chesnay & Anderson, 2016). 

            While nurses are working, whether it’s in the inpatient or outpatient setting, they can educate themselves about the various groups of vulnerable populations the tend to at work.  Making an effort to learn a language from a minority group would help in taking care of the patient, and in providing education during the hospital stay or visit to an outpatient center.  Many factors effect vulnerable populations, nurses can as they are in the forefront of patient care, can advocate for their patients (Strunk, Townsend-Rocchiccioli & Sanford, 2013). 

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