Comment 1

Qualitative and quantitative methods differ in many ways, one being that quantitative data collection is much more structured than qualitative data collection method (DeFranzo, 2011). Qualitive research focuses on generating meaning and understanding to data that are related to opinions, concepts, values and behaviors of people in a social context. Quantitative research focuses on gathering numerical data to explain a particular phenomenon.  The use of either qualitative and quantitative methods depend on the research question of the study. However, researchers are now using mixed methodology research, which involves the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods with the assumption that it will address the research question more comprehensively then qualitative and quantitative method alone (Tarig & Woodman, 2013). Mixed methodology can be extremely beneficial to studies addressing complex multifaceted issues such as health service interventions.

A potential challenge in conducting mixed method research would be that qualitative and quantitative research methods belong to separate and incompatible paradigms. Both have different and conflicting ways of how they view the world and gather research data (Tariq & Woodman, 2013). Another challenge would be that it can be extremely time consuming to the researcher that it would benefit if it was conducted by a large team instead of just one researcher in order to conduct the study in a timely manner. Studies involving both quantitative and qualitative research can be challenging at times, however it also provides the researcher with a wider range of tools to answer their study question more efficiently.

Comment 2

With modern medicine advancing and new treatments invented each year, healthcare professionals including nurses need a reliable source of information to improve their practice and stay updated. Evidenced-based practice was implemented as a great tool that helps nurses to better provide their nursing care and improve patient’s outcomes. According to the article, “ Evidence-based practice (EBP) results from the integration of available research, clinical expertise, and patient preferences to individualize care and promote effective care decision-making”. ( Wyant, 2017) 

There are few EBP models that are used nowadays in nursing. They all have five basic phases that make the process more effective: 

1. Identification of a clinical problem.
2. Review of the relevant literature.
3. Critical appraisal of the evidence.
4. Evaluation for practice change and potential implementation.
5. Evaluation of he outcomes.

( Wyant, 2017)

Certain organizations use specific EBP models. However, their only goal is to identify the problem and find the solution in order to improve nursing practice and patient’s outcomes. 

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Comment 1

Nursing research falls within paradigms which are positivist and naturalistic. Both paradigms oppose assumptions about views and reality of the world. Example of reality, the positivist believes that a single reality exists and that can be measured, while naturalistic paradigm are multiple realities that are continually changing and this makes it very difficult to measure. The two main types of research methods are quantitative and qualitative.

Quantitative research aligns with the positivist paradigm, while qualitative research aligns with the naturalistic paradigm. Quantitative research is a formal, objective, deductive approach to problem solving. While qualitative research is more informal, subjective, inductive approach to problem solving.

       Both methods are appropriate for conducting research; Selection of method to use depends primarily on the research questions being asked. These questions move from the research problem and purpose statement. For example, testing a new fall prevention program within hospital would require to obtain a baseline fall rate before the program and then again after full implementation of the program. Statistically, one could compare rate of falls before the new program with the rate of falls after the new program.  Unit of analysis would be numbers and would lend itself to a quantitative design. However, if interested in studying the impact of falls on patient’s quality of life, obtain that information through a personal interview. The unit of analysis would be words, and a qualitative method would be the most appropriate approach to analyze this data (Houser, 2008).

Comment 2

Using both methods can be advantageous to researchers because both methods can be used to conduct studies. Qualitative studies use word to develops theory and frameworks and quantitative studies use numbers to test theory. It is also advantageous to use both studies when one study is conducted , the researcher can continue to validate the study after it is found to be reliable (Biddix, 2018).

Disadvantages of both studies comes into play in relations to bias and analyzing data. Bias takes away from the truthfulness of the study because the researcher will use the findings to their advantage.  Elimination of bias in a quantitative study is “achieved when validity and reliability are established and in qualitative study it is achieved “when reliability, applicability and consistency are established” (Biddix, 2018). 

Qualitative researchers use print media and electronic media to analyze data.  The disadvantage of data analysis is getting the necessary information for the study when the information from these sources are very large (Biddix, 2018).

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Comment 1

Evidence-based practice is a conscientious, problem-solving approach to clinical practice that incorporates the best evidence from well-designed studies, patient values and preferences, and a clinician’s expertise in making decisions about a patient’s care. There are a variety of rating systems and hierarchies of evidence that grade the strength or quality of evidence generated from a research study or report. Being knowledgeable about evidence-based practice and levels of evidence is important to every clinician as clinicians need to be confident about how much emphasis they should place on a study, report, practice alert or clinical practice guideline when making decisions about a patient’s care (AAFP, 2015). As the name suggests, evidence-based medicine (EBM), is about finding evidence and using that evidence to make clinical decisions. Physicians are encouraged to find the highest level of evidence to answer clinical questions. 

The levels of evidence from strongest to weakest are as follows:

• · Systemic review of experimental studies (well-designed randomized controlled trials [RCTs])
• · Meta-analyses of experimental (RCT) & quasi-experimental studies
• · Integrative reviews of experimental (RTC) & quasi-experimental studies
• · Single experimental study (RCT)
• · Single quasi-experimental study
• · Meta-analysis of correlational studies
• · Integrative reviews of correlational & descriptive studies
• · Qualitative research meta-synthesis & meta-summaries
• · Single correlational study
• · Single qualitative or descriptive study
• · Opinions of respected authorities based upon clinical evidence, reports of expert committees (Grove, Gray, & Burns, 2015, p. 24).

Thus, different types of research questions require different types of research designs. Therefore, an experimenter or researcher should always ask: is this research design appropriate (or as optimal as possible) for the research question? Therefore, from an EBMgt point of view, a study design is never strong or weak in itself: it all depends on the question and the availability.

Comment 2( Please answer the question at the borrow from my professor)in base to your comment)

YOUR POST in the last assignment is this ((((Extraneous variables may affect the dependent variable and can change the result of research. Extraneous variables are independent variables that are available in each investigation, for example, clamor, lighting, and temperature, or could relate to the subjects, distinctive foundations, identities, tallness, and weight. These are viewed as additional factors that change persistently and can be found in the subjects, and in the states of the investigation. An analyst might have the capacity to decline or control unessential factors by recognizing the factors that could influence the dependent variable. “To control an extraneous variable the specialist needs to initially distinguish those factors that are well on the way to impact the dependent variable. This is done in light of the specialist’s presence of mind, basic consistent thinking, and experience.” (Simmons, Benskin, Cosgrove, Duncker, Ekman, Martyniuk, & Sherry, 2015)

Extraneous variables ought to be controlled if conceivable. One approach to control extraneous variable is with irregular examining. Arbitrary inspecting does not kill any independent variable; it just guarantees it is equivalent between all gatherings. If arbitrary inspecting is not utilized, the impact that a superfluous variable can have on the examination comes about turn into significantly more of a worry. Once the extraneous distinguished it can be controlled by either holding variable steady or coordinating qualities crosswise over treatment conditions. Example, if there is boisterous development going ahead outside the room that the trial is being held, it might be exceptionally diverting, so the analyst can either locate a calm place to play out the exploration, or the scientist can hold the incidental factors consistent by making an institutionalized domain, and method with the goal that all factors are the same in each condition and along these lines cannot be bewildering.)))))

NOW this is the professor  comment. Please can you answer it. Thanks. 

Hi, Rosy. Great post. Considering your PICOT question, what extraneous variables would you expect if conducting a study? 

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Comment 1

Popular sampling strategies in qualitative research:

Convenience sampling – participants are readily available, but members of the sample may not be best respondents.

Purposive sampling – deliberately selects those who are likely to have most to say.

Snowball sampling – allows selection of likely candidates from difficult to reach groups.

Generalizability: The aim of qualitative research is not to generalize, it still remains a limitation of the approach. We cannot take a group of people’s views and apply them to another context, another place or another group of people. We may read them and think ‘Yes! This sounds familiar to me!’ or ‘I am surprised at these findings!’ but we cannot, then, extrapolate from them and decide that we have hard evidence that can be applied in other contexts

Comment 2

“Sampling involves selecting a group of people, events, objects, or other elements with which to conduct a study… Sampling theory was developed to determine the most effective way to acquire a sample that accurately reflects the population under study. Key concepts of sampling theory include populations, target population, sampling or eligibility criteria, accessible population, elements, representativeness, sampling frames, and sampling methods or plans. ” (Grove, Gray, & Burns, 2015, pp. 249-250). An example of this might the study of the effect of diabetes on the body’s vital organs. With millions of diabetics in the United States it would be impossible to study the entire target population (all diabetics); researchers must therefore use a smaller and more manageable sample to represent the population as a whole. Obviously the goal in obtaining this sample is for it to be as much like the entire population as possible. This is of course of the utmost importance to the generalizability of the study.

Generalization means that the results of the research performed on the sample can then be assumed or applied to the whole target population. This can be done to with varying degrees of accuracy and extensiveness. Grove, Gray, & Burns (2015, pp. 250-251) state that research quality and consistency with other research findings can alter the degree of generalizability; meaning that with high quality research, findings can be generalized from the sample to the accessible population, and then to the target population.

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Comment 1

Qualitive research is known as information focused on generating meaning and understanding to data that are related to opinions, concepts, values and behaviors of people in a social context. Qualitive data is collected from interviews, observation field notes, audio/video recording and personal experiences (McLeod, 2017). Sometimes researchers become overwhelmed with the vast amount of data collected. However, with proper organization and using a proper system for tracking will facilitate the analysis. A useful method to organize qualitative research is to use a coding scheme that helps group data with key terms, themes, patterns. Researchers would need to review each data collected and label them to help identify them in a group and help find information a lot easier when starting the analysis process. However, before conducting the analysis researcher needs to make sure there is no missing data and all data is accurate. Making copies of the information and safely storing it is also very important. How the researchers decide to organize their qualitative data needs to be a method that works for them and simplifies finding the information needed.  

Comment 2

Phenomenological qualitative research is different from grounded theory in several ways.  Phenomenological research tries to explain and describe experiences by targeting people who have the experience.  The data is collected through interviews and refer to it as the “lived experience.”  This experience allows researchers to then report their findings as characteristics of the experience.  It is based on philosophy and interprets and enhance others real experiences.  Grounded Theory is based in sociology which tries to create a “grounded theory” to describe what is being studied.  Unlike phenomenological, grounded researchers use all data gathered through interviews, observations, dairies and literature.  This is called constant comparison.  They compare all elements and try to use contradictory elements to strengthen their case. They use language, relationships, religion, etc. to find a deeper meaning.
 

Phenomenological qualitative research and grounded theory are similar in that they both examine real life experiences and situations.  Both require in-depth interaction between the researchers and whom or what they are researching and keep their experiences free from the researchers influence or preconceived ideas. 

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