Please see attached file 

 

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Write a 3-page paper APA in-text citations, 4 references that addresses the following:

Explain how the factor you selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the case study below:

Patient HM has a history of atrial fibrillation and a transient ischemic attack (TIA). The patient has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and ischemic heart disease. Drugs currently prescribed include the following:

• Warfarin 5 mg daily MWF and 2.5 mg daily T, TH, Sat, Sun
• Aspirin 81 mg daily
• Metformin 1000 mg po bid
• Glyburide 10 mg bid
• Atenolol 100 mg po daily
• Motrin 200 mg 1–3 tablets every 6 hours as needed for pain.

Select one the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior factors.

Reflect on how the factor you selected might influence the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.

Consider how changes in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy.

Think about how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes. 

Reflect on whether you would modify the current drug treatment or provide an alternative treatment option for the patient.

Describe how changes in the processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy. 

Be specific and provide examples.

Explain how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan and explain why you would make these recommended improvements.

 

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Write a description of the patient case from your experiences, observations, and/or clinical practice from the last 5 years. Then, describe factors that might have influenced pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of the patient you identified. Finally, explain details of the personalized plan of care that you would develop based on influencing factors and patient history in your case. Be specific and provide examples. 

 

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As an advanced practice nurse assisting physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders, it is important to not only understand the impact of disorders on the body, but also the impact of drug treatments on the body. The relationships between drugs and the body can be described by pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to the drug through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, whereas pharmacodynamics describes what the drug does to the body. When selecting drugs and determining dosages for patients, it is essential to consider individual patient factors that might impact the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharamcodynamic processes. These patient factors include genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, behavior (i.e., diet, nutrition, smoking, alcohol, illicit drug abuse), and/or pathophysiological changes due to disease. In this Discussion, you reflect on a case from your past clinical experiences and consider how a particular patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes altered his or her response to a drug.

To prepare:

· Review this week’s media presentation with Dr. Terry Buttaro, as well as Chapter 2 of the Arcangelo and Peterson text, and the Scott article in the Learning Resources. Consider the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

· Reflect on your experiences, observations, and/or clinical practices from the last five years. Select a case from the last five years that involves a patient whose individual differences in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors altered his or her anticipated response to a drug. When referring to your patient, make sure to use a pseudonym or other false form of identification. This is to ensure the privacy and protection of the patient.

· Consider factors that might have influenced the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes such as genetics (including pharmacogenetics), gender, ethnicity, age, behavior, and/or possible pathophysiological changes due to disease.

· Think about a personalized plan of care based on these influencing factors and patient history in your case study.

With these thoughts in mind:

Post a description of the case you selected. Then, describe factors that might have influenced pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of the patient from the case you selected. Finally, explain details of the personalized plan of care that you would develop based on influencing factors and patient history in your case.

– This work should have Introduction and conclusion

– This work should have at 3 to 5current references (Year 2012 and up)

– Use at least 2 references from class Learning Resources

The following Resources are not acceptable:

1. Wikipedia

2. Cdc.gov- nonhealthcare professionals section

3. Webmd.com

4. Mayoclinic.com

LEARNING RESOURCES

**Arcangelo, V. P., Peterson, A. M., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. A. (Eds.). (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed.). Ambler, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

• Chapter 2, “Pharmacokinetic      Basis of Therapeutics and Pharmacodynamic Principles” (pp. 17-31)
       This chapter examines concepts related to pharmacokinetics and      pharmacodynamics. It also explores patient factors that health care      providers consider when prescribing drug therapy to patients.
• Chapter 3, “Impact of Drug      Interactions and Adverse Events on Therapeutics” (pp. 33-51)
       This chapter explains drug-drug, drug-food, drug-herb, and drug-disease      interactions. It also reviews patient factors that influence drug      interactions and then covers adverse drug reactions.
• Chapter 4, “Principles of      Pharmacotherapy in Pediatrics” (pp. 53-63)
       This chapter explores concepts relating to drug selection, administration,      and interaction for pediatric patients. It also compares age-related      pharmacokinetic differences in children and adults.
• Chapter 6, “Principles of Pharmacotherapy in      Elderly Patients” (pp. 73-89)
       This chapter describes issues and factors that affect drug therapy for      elderly patients. It then explores concepts relating to drug selection,      administration, and management for elderly patients.

**Scott, S. A. (2011). Personalizing medicine with clinical pharmacogenetics. Genetics in Medicine, 13(12), 987–995. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3290900/

This article examines pharmacogenetic testing in relation to personalized drug therapy plans and explores evidence-based guidelines and recommendations on pharmacogenetic testing.

**Drugs.com. (2012). Retrieved August 22, 2012, from http://www.drugs.com/ 

This website presents a comprehensive review of prescription and over-the-counter drugs including information on common uses and potential side effects. It also provides updates relating to new drugs on the market, support from health professionals, and a drug-drug interactions checker.

**Haymarket Media, Inc. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.empr.com/

**Institute for Safe Medication Practices. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.ismp.org/

**WebMD. (2012). Medscape. Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/

 

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Create a 10–12-slide PowerPoint presentation to identify medications  associated with a chosen disease or health condition, explain the  actions and side effects of the medications, and discuss any  controversies related to the medications. Explain a treatment regime,  including pharmacology, for the disease or health condition you  selected, along with how the treatment regime may affect a client’s  lifestyle.

By having a thorough understanding of pharmacology, nurses can  eliminate possible medication errors in their nursing practices. The  basic principles of pharmacology include pharmacokinetics (what the body  does to a drug) and pharmacodynamics (what a drug does to the body).  Pharmacology plays a significant role in the nursing profession, so it  is extremely important for nurses to understand the actions of the  pharmacological agents they will administer to patients in order to  intervene appropriately if necessary. 

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Another critical skill for a nurse is the ability to apply and  evaluate evidence-based practices, principles, models, and  pharmacological guidelines and protocols commonly used in nursing  practice. Understanding how specific protocols and guidelines are  developed will aid nurses in treating patients with a multitude of  physiological and psychological conditions.

Nurses must be able to measure outcomes of pharmacological  interventions when caring for patients. The effective use of  evidence-based practice guidelines, models, and principles is one way  that nurses can analyze quality outcomes for the pharmacological  treatments used for patients.

Pharmacology includes different categories of major drugs used in  the treatment of primary diseases. The same drug may be used to treat  more than one disease or condition, while two patients with the same  disease may require different drug treatments. In addition, the  professional nurse must be aware of what types of things can influence a  patient’s response to a drug. Some things are obvious—other  medications, for example—while some are less so. Things like age,  weight, herbs—even foods people eat every day—can influence how a person  responds to a particular drug. At times, even a strong cultural belief  can influence how a drug will react. Nurses who administer drugs have a  responsibility to assess patients for both the desired response, as well  as for any unwanted and potentially harmful reactions that may occur.

Imagine your supervisor has asked you to conduct a lunch and learn  session to educate your fellow nursing staff on pharmacological  interventions.

Preparation

Select a disease or health condition that requires pharmacological  intervention. You may choose any disease or health condition you wish,  but the disease or health condition must be relevant to nurses from a  variety of settings (for example: ER, pediatrics, public health, et  cetera).

Requirements

Once you have selected a disease or health condition, create a  PowerPoint presentation you could use in your lunch and learn session,  including the following:

• Identify the disease or health condition you have chosen, along  with the areas where nurses are likely to see it. (Do this in the agenda  slide or next slide after the agenda.)
• Identify the three drugs used most often in the treatment of the disease or health condition.
• Explain the types of actions, side effects, indications, and  contraindications that could be expected from the pharmacological  treatment.
• Describe the treatment regime most often prescribed for the  disease or health condition. This should include pharmacology but not be  limited to pharmacology.
• Explain how the treatment regime (including pharmacology) may  impact a client’s lifestyle. Consider things such as finances, ease or  complexity of administration, instructions (frequency, duration), et  cetera.
• Describe how a nurse should monitor a client being treated for  the disease or health condition in order to obtain a quality patient  outcome.
• Explain any controversies associated with the drugs used in the  treatment. For example, is there a black box warning with any of the  drugs?

Use the notes section of each slide to expand your points or draft  your mock oral presentation (or both) and reference your resources. Use  at least 3 peer-reviewed or professional resources to support your work  in this assessment. Be sure your PowerPoint includes a title slide, a  slide with your agenda or list of topics to be covered, and a reference  slide. Follow current APA style and formatting guidelines for your  citations and references.

Additional Requirements

• Number of slides: 10–12, not including the title and reference slides.
• Be creative. Consider your intended audience.

 

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