4-One very common area of nursing that is a growing problem is the nursing shortage. “Most studies agree, RNs constitute the largest healthcare occupation, with 2.3 million jobs. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) reports that 126,000 nursing positions are unfilled in hospitals, accounting for an overall vacancy rate of 13% for nursing positions” (Robinson, Jagim, & Ray, 2004). The nursing shortage is a personal and proffesional hazard not only to the nurses, but the patients as well.”If staffing is inadequate, nurses contend it threatens patient health and safety, results in greater complexity of care, and impacts their health and safety by increasing fatigue and rate of injury” (Gooch, 2015). I work in a small ER in California. Now, most people will say, “California has mandated staffing ratios”, but I am here to tell you by experience that that statement is not 100% accurate. There are MANY nights where we are understaffed and over ratioed, with only 3 nurses to triage, asses, start IV’s, medicate, chart, discharge and sometimes handle multiple codes and traumas in one night. And no, most nights we do not have any ED techs or CNA’s to help with EKG’s, placing people on monitors or any of those types of task. Being short staffed is physically and mentally draining and extreamly unsafe for patient care and overworked nurses. So the question is why is there such a nursing shrotage? Is nursing school/state boards to strict? Is it because the aging workforce is moving into retirment and into less stressful roles? Is it because of overall job dissatisfaction with the heavy workloads, underpay, and inadequate staffing? All of these could be a reason as to why there is a large nursing shortage and should be further evaluated to help promote nurse and patient safety.
References:
Gooch, Kelly. (2015, August 13). 5 of the biggest issues nurses face today. Becker’s Hospital Review. Retrieved from https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/human-capital-and-risk/5-of-the-biggest-issues-nurses-face-today.html
Robinson. K, Jagim. M, Ray. C. (December, 2004). Nursing Workforce Issues and Trends Affecting Emergency Departments. Lippincott Nursing Center. Retrieved from https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=532283&Journal_ID=420955&Issue_ID=532279
5-One of the most commonly seen errors in the nursing fields
that has become a growing and significant problem, can be seen in patients
being incorrectly administered their medications. All too often, patients are
given the incorrect medications; whether this is due to the nurses who are
administering the medication, the doctors who write out the initial
prescription, or the pharmaceutical workers who fill the prescriptions in the
first place (Keers, Williams, Cooke & Ashcroft, 2013). The errors seen are
not entirely on the medical side of this, as it can be seen that patients can
also incorrectly dose themselves as well (Wright, 2013). Aside from being given
the incorrect dosage of medication, patients can often be given the incorrect
medication in general, or given their medications in either too short, or too long
of a time span (Wright, 2013).
Medical malpractice is an incredible cause of
concern, not only for the issues that can arise from a legal standpoint by
making errors in medication distribution, but from the severe risk of harm
coming to the patient, or even the death of the patient due to receiving a high
dosage of a medication that was incorrectly given (Makary & Daniel, 2016).
Medical malpractice is the third highest cause of death in the United States,
and in order to remedy this dire state of the medical field and for the public
to regain their trust in medical professionals, hospitals must take steps
towards correctly administering their medications (Makary & Daniel, 2016).
This is a role that must be worked at diligently, by not only the nurses at the
facility, but the doctors and pharmaceutical workers as well (Keers et al,
2013).
References
Keers, R. N., Williams, S. D., Cooke, J.,
& Ashcroft, D. M. (2013). Causes of medication administration errors in hospitals:
A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative evidence. Drug Safety, 36(11),
1045-1067. doi:10.1007/s40264-013-0090-2
Makary, M. A., & Daniel, M. (2016). Medical
error—the third leading cause of death in the US. BMJ, i2139.
doi:10.1136/bmj.i2139
Wright, K. (2013). The role of nurses in medicine
administration errors. Nursing Standard, 27(44),
35-40. doi:10.7748/ns2013.07.27.44.35.e7468
6- One area that I observed that could be studied more is the long shifts that nurses are required to work. This leads to fatigue and risk of medical mistakes. Industrial research over much of the 20th century indicates worker productivity declines significantly after 10 to 12 hours of work (ANA journal, 2017). A tired nurse is more likely to make errors, putting themselves and patients at risk. Its normal for nurse to work 12 hours shift, however, many times after a challenging 12 hour,s nurses are expected to put in another 4 or so hours when the need arises. Furthermore, many nurses have a long commute home, so they are up for another 6 -8 hours, as they need to take care of their families. After which, possible a few hours’ sleep and back to another long challenging shift. With all this, many nurses are studying and must find time for classes and assignment, which mean less time for rest. According to U.S. Army studies, staying awake for 17 hours is functionally equivalent to having a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.05%; staying awake for 24 hours equates to a BAC of 0.10%. (In most states, it’s illegal to drive with a BAC of 0.08% or higher.) It further states that loss of even one night’s sleep can lead to short-term memory deficits and impaired cognitive functioning and the risk of bloodborne-pathogen exposure for workers increases during the last 2 hours of a 12-hour shift (ANA journal, 2017).
Injury risk and the risk for patient error as risen significantly. These risks are not worth the convenience of 12-hour shifts, therefore more studied should be done to highlight the negative effect overwork has on the body and the risk associated with nursing fatigue. The aim is to improve patient safety, nurses’ safety and job satisfaction and not vice versa.
Reference
Are extended work hours’ worth the risk? (2017, November 08). Retrieved from https://www.americannursetoday.com/are-extended-work-hours-worth-the-risk/
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/in Uncategorized /by developer4- Sampling is process where certain number of people are selected from the population, these selected people will represent the whole targeted population and the theory concerning sampling process is known as sampling theory (Grove, Gary, & Burns, 2015).
The sampling theory is commonly used to gather information related to population in medical, social, business, psychological sector. The sampling is done as it is not possible to do research on everyone thus, they are selected based on the topic or area of research (Ullah, 2018). For example, a research is to be conducted on “average age of marriage of women in Nepal.” Here, sampling can be done by selecting 10 families from each state, that includes 10 different states, from the whole country, this makes the data collection easier as it includes 100 families and is unbiased as number is equally distributed.
Generalizability is the effectiveness of the research, as effective and successful research is known to have good Generalizability. It is essential in Nursing research as our research are mainly related to health of people or health related problems of them.
References:
Grove, S. K., Gray, J., & Burns, N. (2015). Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Ullah, M. I. (2018, November 02). Sampling theory, Introduction and Reasons to Sample. Retrieved from http://itfeature.com/statistics/sampling-theory-introduction-and-reasons-to-sample
5- Sampling theory is the field of statistics that is involved with the collection, analysis and interpretation of data gathered from random samples of a population under study. In the application of the sampling theory, it is concerned with the proper selection of observations from the population that will constitute the random sample, the use of probability theory, along with prior knowledge about the population parameters, to analyze the data from the random sample and develop conclusions from the analysis. The normal distribution, along with related probability distributions, is most heavily utilized in developing the theoretical background for sampling theory (Sampling Theory, n.d.). For example, finding out the percentage of damaged tools produced during a given 5-day week in a specific factory by examining 30 tools daily at a specific time. All the tools produced in this case during the week represents the population, while the 150 selected tools during 5-days constitute a sample.
Generalization is the act of reasoning that involves drawing broad inferences from particular observations, it is widely-acknowledged as a quality standard in quantitative research but is more controversial in qualitative research (Polit & Beck 1970). It is important in nursing research as it provides the ability to generalize results allows researchers to interpret and apply findings in a broader context, making the finding relevant and meaningful.
References
Key Issues in Quantitative Research – Center for … (n.d.). Retrieved from https://cirt.gcu.edu/research/developmentresources/research_ready/quantresearch/keyissues
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (1970, January 01). Generalization in quantitative and qualitative research: Myths and strategies. – Semantic Scholar. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Generalization-in-quantitative-and-qualitative-and-Polit-Beck/a2018b430beae56c41d4c293a051aded822a2f19
sampling Theory (n.d.). Retrieved from https://course-notes.org/statistics/sampling_theory
6-Sampling theory is a study of relationships existing between a population and samples drawn from the population. Sampling theory is applicable only to random samples . For this purpose the population or a universe may be defined as an aggregate of items possessing a common trait or traits.
Example: We may wish to draw conclusions about the percentage of defective bolts produced in a factory during a given 6-day week by examining 20 bolts each day produced at various times during the day. Note that all bolts produced in this case during the week comprise the population, while the 120 selected bolts during 6-days constitute a sample.
Generalizability refers to the extension of a research finding as well as conclusions from the study conducted on sample population to the large population.
Example: W hen a person wants to find out the percentage of people who smoke in a certain country. A sample would be taken in order to represent the entire population as well as findings taken to represent the general population.
References
Burns, N., Grove, S. (2011). Understanding Nursing Research, 5th Edition. [ Pageburstl ]. Retrieved from https://pageburstls.elsevier.com/#/books/978-1-4377-0750-2/
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/in Uncategorized /by developer4-One very common area of nursing that is a growing problem is the nursing shortage. “Most studies agree, RNs constitute the largest healthcare occupation, with 2.3 million jobs. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) reports that 126,000 nursing positions are unfilled in hospitals, accounting for an overall vacancy rate of 13% for nursing positions” (Robinson, Jagim, & Ray, 2004). The nursing shortage is a personal and proffesional hazard not only to the nurses, but the patients as well.”If staffing is inadequate, nurses contend it threatens patient health and safety, results in greater complexity of care, and impacts their health and safety by increasing fatigue and rate of injury” (Gooch, 2015). I work in a small ER in California. Now, most people will say, “California has mandated staffing ratios”, but I am here to tell you by experience that that statement is not 100% accurate. There are MANY nights where we are understaffed and over ratioed, with only 3 nurses to triage, asses, start IV’s, medicate, chart, discharge and sometimes handle multiple codes and traumas in one night. And no, most nights we do not have any ED techs or CNA’s to help with EKG’s, placing people on monitors or any of those types of task. Being short staffed is physically and mentally draining and extreamly unsafe for patient care and overworked nurses. So the question is why is there such a nursing shrotage? Is nursing school/state boards to strict? Is it because the aging workforce is moving into retirment and into less stressful roles? Is it because of overall job dissatisfaction with the heavy workloads, underpay, and inadequate staffing? All of these could be a reason as to why there is a large nursing shortage and should be further evaluated to help promote nurse and patient safety.
References:
Gooch, Kelly. (2015, August 13). 5 of the biggest issues nurses face today. Becker’s Hospital Review. Retrieved from https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/human-capital-and-risk/5-of-the-biggest-issues-nurses-face-today.html
Robinson. K, Jagim. M, Ray. C. (December, 2004). Nursing Workforce Issues and Trends Affecting Emergency Departments. Lippincott Nursing Center. Retrieved from https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=532283&Journal_ID=420955&Issue_ID=532279
5-One of the most commonly seen errors in the nursing fields
that has become a growing and significant problem, can be seen in patients
being incorrectly administered their medications. All too often, patients are
given the incorrect medications; whether this is due to the nurses who are
administering the medication, the doctors who write out the initial
prescription, or the pharmaceutical workers who fill the prescriptions in the
first place (Keers, Williams, Cooke & Ashcroft, 2013). The errors seen are
not entirely on the medical side of this, as it can be seen that patients can
also incorrectly dose themselves as well (Wright, 2013). Aside from being given
the incorrect dosage of medication, patients can often be given the incorrect
medication in general, or given their medications in either too short, or too long
of a time span (Wright, 2013).
Medical malpractice is an incredible cause of
concern, not only for the issues that can arise from a legal standpoint by
making errors in medication distribution, but from the severe risk of harm
coming to the patient, or even the death of the patient due to receiving a high
dosage of a medication that was incorrectly given (Makary & Daniel, 2016).
Medical malpractice is the third highest cause of death in the United States,
and in order to remedy this dire state of the medical field and for the public
to regain their trust in medical professionals, hospitals must take steps
towards correctly administering their medications (Makary & Daniel, 2016).
This is a role that must be worked at diligently, by not only the nurses at the
facility, but the doctors and pharmaceutical workers as well (Keers et al,
2013).
References
Keers, R. N., Williams, S. D., Cooke, J.,
& Ashcroft, D. M. (2013). Causes of medication administration errors in hospitals:
A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative evidence. Drug Safety, 36(11),
1045-1067. doi:10.1007/s40264-013-0090-2
Makary, M. A., & Daniel, M. (2016). Medical
error—the third leading cause of death in the US. BMJ, i2139.
doi:10.1136/bmj.i2139
Wright, K. (2013). The role of nurses in medicine
administration errors. Nursing Standard, 27(44),
35-40. doi:10.7748/ns2013.07.27.44.35.e7468
6- One area that I observed that could be studied more is the long shifts that nurses are required to work. This leads to fatigue and risk of medical mistakes. Industrial research over much of the 20th century indicates worker productivity declines significantly after 10 to 12 hours of work (ANA journal, 2017). A tired nurse is more likely to make errors, putting themselves and patients at risk. Its normal for nurse to work 12 hours shift, however, many times after a challenging 12 hour,s nurses are expected to put in another 4 or so hours when the need arises. Furthermore, many nurses have a long commute home, so they are up for another 6 -8 hours, as they need to take care of their families. After which, possible a few hours’ sleep and back to another long challenging shift. With all this, many nurses are studying and must find time for classes and assignment, which mean less time for rest. According to U.S. Army studies, staying awake for 17 hours is functionally equivalent to having a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.05%; staying awake for 24 hours equates to a BAC of 0.10%. (In most states, it’s illegal to drive with a BAC of 0.08% or higher.) It further states that loss of even one night’s sleep can lead to short-term memory deficits and impaired cognitive functioning and the risk of bloodborne-pathogen exposure for workers increases during the last 2 hours of a 12-hour shift (ANA journal, 2017).
Injury risk and the risk for patient error as risen significantly. These risks are not worth the convenience of 12-hour shifts, therefore more studied should be done to highlight the negative effect overwork has on the body and the risk associated with nursing fatigue. The aim is to improve patient safety, nurses’ safety and job satisfaction and not vice versa.
Reference
Are extended work hours’ worth the risk? (2017, November 08). Retrieved from https://www.americannursetoday.com/are-extended-work-hours-worth-the-risk/
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/in Uncategorized /by developer4-Evidence based practice research has changed the field of nursing in many ways. It is one of the key principles in medicine today adhering to standards for high quality and safety, all while focusing on patients’ needs. Old practices may not work and need to change, evidence-based practice provides the latest research in improving these practices.
In emergency nursing, evidence-based practice is used daily. One very common practice is infection control. “This includes keeping the healthcare environment clean, wearing personal protective clothing, using barrier precautions and practicing correct handwashing” (Arkansas State University, 2016). Even though the emergency is very fast paced, nurses in my facility are very aware of infection control and make efforts to improve their infection control practices daily. Another evidence-based practice used frequently in the ED, is oxygen use in patients with COPD. “Despite the belief by some that providing oxygen to these patients can create serious issues such as hypercarbia, acidosis or even death, the evidence-based protocol is to provide oxygen to COPD patients. This practice can help prevent hypoxia and organ failure. Giving oxygen, which is the correct treatment based on the evidence, can enhance COPD patients’ quality of life and help them live longer” (Arkansas State University, 2016). It is very important that nurses know that giving to much oxygen can increase their respiratory drive, causing more distress, but some oxygen is key to helping improve the patients’ status.
Reference:
Arkansas State University (2016, December 20). 4 Examples of Evidence-Based Practice in
Nursing. Retrieved from https://degree.astate.edu/articles/nursing/examples-of-evidence-based-practice-in-nursing.aspx
5-Evidence-based practice is something that is embedded into our minds. During my first quarter of nursing school we were required to write down interventions for all nursing diagnoses and were required to cite evidence as to why we do the nursing interventions that we do. As nurses it is important to know the WHY as to why we do what we do. Evidence-based practice changes everyday because science and studies are frequently changing.
As nurses, we practice numerous nursing interventions daily. For bedridden patients who cannot move on their own, we are required to turn them at least every 2 hours because research shows that by turning these patients, the chances of developing bed sores are greatly decreased. We had a patient on our unit for about 6 months who was not able to move on his own and he did not develop a single bed sore because frequent turning was practiced. Other common evidence-based practice interventions include scrubbing the IV and central line hubs with alcohol for 10-15 seconds to prevent CLABSI. Washing your hands with soap and water before and after entering a patient’s room is the number one method of preventing the transmission of disease. We practice evidence-based interventions numerous times a day and we probably do not even realize that we are doing it because it becomes second nature to us such as something as simple as raising the head of the bed, picking out the correct blood pressure cuff, or grabbing some ice to apply to our patient’s knee, etc.
Arkansas State University states that nurses have room for improvement when it comes to EBP. They state the follo wing are some areas where nurses could better adhere to EBP:
References:
Arkansas States University. 2018. Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing. Retrieved from https://degree.astate.edu/articles/nursing/examples-of-evidence-based-practice-in-nursing.aspx
6-From the perspective of a nurse, research or
evidence based practices are of vital importance when it comes to determining
the best course of action to take with clients, and determining which route to
take with an intervention plan. For instance, when examining an individual’s
symptoms or ailment, using evidence based practices can show the best steps to
take in order to provide the patient with the most in depth and intensive
treatment options which can be afforded to them (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt,
2011).
When
treating a patient with a number of symptoms which do not have an immediately
known cause, using evidence based practices can assist in determining which
specific ailment the patient is suffering from. By using research that
highlights similar symptoms the specific condition can be examined in more
detail which could lead to new treatment methods being devised (Koehn &
Lehman, 2008).
The
benefits of evidence based practice are not limited only to the treatment of
patients, but can also be utilized in how to properly communicate and interact
with patients, and can prove vital in establishing connections with them as
well (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011). For instance, when handling a
patient who is being difficult in their treatment methods, using the best
evidence based practices can give insight into ways to interact with the client
that can lead to more positive breakthroughs in their recovery (Koehn &
Lehman, 2008).
Overall,
evidence and research based practices give nurses the ability to utilize a wide
range of resources to determine which course of action is the correct step to
take in ensuring that their patients receive the best cares possible (Koehn
& Lehman, 2008).
‘
References
Koehn, M. L., & Lehman, K. (2008). Nurses’ perceptions
of evidence-based nursing practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(2).
Retrieved from
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04589.x
Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2011). Evidence-based
practice in nursing & healthcare:
A guide to best practice. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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/in Uncategorized /by developer4- The article by the author “The Role of Spirituality in Health Care “informative in its analysis and attention to the spiritual needs of the patient which is often overlooked (Puchalski ,2001). Spirituality in terms of disease and healing is important and can help with coping and recovery when facing a chronic illness, suffering, or a loss. These belief values can vary from person to person however they tend to have an overarching core principle of a spiritual faith-based core belief set. As part of a physical work-up and collection of history and physical data is collected a spiritual history is also taken and incorporated into the healthcare treatment model in this way the healthcare professionals are providing a holistic all-encompassing care of the patient also addressing the spiritual needs of the patient (Puchalski ,2001).
Reference:
Puchalski, C. M. (2001, October). The role of spirituality in health care. Retrieved December 18, 2018. from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1305900/
5- I found the published article by Puchalski (2001), to be very interesting as it demonstrated numerous examples of research based on the use of spirituality in the healthcare setting. In an example developed by Dr. Puchalski and a group of physicians with the intent of helping healthcare professionals better encounter and address spirituality with their patients and how it can positively can impact the patients’ health and the overall success of the treatment being rendered by the healthcare team. As part of a physical work-up and collection of history and physical data is collected a spiritual history is also taken and incorporated into the healthcare treatment model in this way the healthcare professionals are providing a holistic all-encompassing care of the patient also addressing the spiritual needs of the patient (Puchalski ,2001).
Reference:
Puchalski, C. M. (2001, October). The role of spirituality in health care. Retrieved December 18, 2018. from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1305900/
6-The aspects of the topic readings that I found most interesting were the “polarity between the older and newer nursing theories.” The older nursing process theories are associated with taxonomies and quantitative measures, whereas the new holistic theories use more qualitative measures and softer phenomena. The revolution in the approach of how we think about nursing and nursing interventions in association to ethical decision making. With the belief that nursing is both a science and an art, the new theories expand upon this concept. The other aspect that is interesting to me is using world views to challenge contemporary ethos by using philosophical clarity and religious sensitivity.
After reading about the analysis of disease and healing I would agree that the involvement of spirituality helps enhance recovery and facilitate healing in our patients. I found the required article to read, “The Role of Spirituality in Health Care” very interesting and informative. Patients who are ill and suffering can use their spirituality to recover and heal. It was so interesting to read that patients who were spiritual and had certain beliefs lived longer and recovered faster than non spiritual patients. I think that spirituality lets us and our patients worry less and let go or live in the present moment.
-Michelle Childress
References:
Puchalski C. M. (2001). The role of spirituality in health care. Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center), 14(4), 352-7.
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/in Uncategorized /by developer1-The literal translation for “Imago dei “or ‘the image of God’ is “the Christian understanding of human beings as created in the image of God bestows dignity and honor on every person, regardless of social, mental or physical status” (Shelly & Miller, 2006).The image of God is a foundational concept for understanding our significance and purpose in life. Understanding how we are made in God’s image helps us understand our inherent dignity as a human being created by our heavenly Father. The literal translation for “Imago dei “or ‘the image of God’ is “the Christian understanding of human beings as created in the image of God bestows dignity and honor on every person, regardless of social, mental or physical status” (Shelly & Miller, 2006).The image of God in us survives our fall into sin. For example, in Genesis 9:6, God reminds Noah that man is made in God’s image “ Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image.”
Reference:
Shelly J.A., Miller A.B. (2006). “Called to Care: A Christian Worldview for Nursing”. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15228961003788426?journalCode=wrdh20
2-Providing care with honor and dignity to each patient should be our daily goal and it is important to always keep this as our top priority.
We must remind ourselves every day even though this can be difficult at times with time constraints and patient loads.
3-great post, I liked that you gave a bible reference of the book of Genesis. Growing up in a Christian home I was thought about the bible. Every time I think or hear of the book of Genesis I always remember this verse. In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. The bible tells us that in the beginning God with all his power and creativity created a world that reflects his glory. With his word he created all the planets, oceans, and living creatures, but with his “hands and his breath” he sculpted man and woman unlike anything else. The scriptures tell us that humans are Gods masterwork, and he imprinted his signature on the human soul. Humans are created in the Imago Dei “The Image of God”.
26 Then God said, “Let us make man in our image, according to our likeness; and let them rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky and over the cattle and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth. 27 God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him; make and female He created them (Genesis 1:26-27).
Learning about this as a young girl I related “God created man on his own image” as we were created to look like him, that we were created to physically resembled God. I had the physical concept and I was too young to understand the spiritual and psychological concept of the true meaning. Doing research and reading about this topic for this week’s lecture and DQ, I have understood the true concept of what it really means. It is important to understand the relationship between God and humans. It is amazing to me to know that God created everything, but we are the only ones he created in his image. We were created to communicate, to think, create, reason, and relate. We are capable of love and to understand right from wrong, and we are responsible for our actions. God is love, and I agree with you Nicole that we need to exercise his love and care because it reflects the attributes of God our creator. Nicole you explained that nursing starts with a concern for human welfare and healing, and the great responsibility God has given us to care and love others. Like, you I also believe that Imago Dei means that as a Christian and a nurse I need to exercise the love of God with all my patients. Care for them with respect, dignity, and loving care. “If God so loved us, we also ought to love one another” (1 John 4:11), God is great at designing and creating things and as “God’s image-bearers (Genesis 1:26), we are designed to love God and others in the same way that God loves God and others” (Bloom, 2016).
Reference:
Bloom, J. (2016, June 24). If We Love God Most, We Will Love Others Best. Retrieved January 9, 2019, from https://www.desiringgod.org/articles/if-we-love-god-most-we-will-love-others-best
Imago Dei (Image of God). (n.d.). Retrieved January 9, 2019, from http://www.pbs.org/faithandreason/theogloss/imago-body.html
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/in Uncategorized /by developer4-Did you know that 40-50% of couples in the United States end in divorce? So all these couples creating families have a 50% chance of breaking apart. Of course the idea of having the family that is “perfect” is ideal but the truth is most families are not that. Out of my 10 closest friends only 3 have active fathers in their lives, and out of those 10 friends only 1 has parents that are together yet they are all working to achieve their dreams and families they want and love the family they have even if not idealist. We as human beings are social creatures who create our lives by our interactions with one another often creating unimaginable bonds with people who don’t even carry the same blood as our own, creating families by pure love of one another. “We should not forget, of course, that people are most likely to have recourse to do nor insemination, in vitro fertilization, or surrogacy because they desperately desire a child. We can understand and should sympathize with that desire. Indeed, for most people, having children is the most significant under taking of their life. Certainly Christians, who revere “the Holy Family,” should not under estimate the enormous human significance of the birth of a child.” (Bioethics, n.d).
Reference:
Grand Canyon University. ( n,d). Bioethics A Primer for Christians 3rd Edition. Retrieved from: https://viewer.gcu.edu/UXWB22
5-The point of where God would want whoever is on this earth makes a valid point but what about for genetic manipulation? DO you think it is right for a person to manipulate the child of conception? Would that still be considered what god wants in this world or what the will of person wants? I can see how genetic change can bring some good in that being able to change a factor of avoiding a serious disability but it can all also be dangerous for the child becomes an experiment.
“The use of reason and will to free ourselves from some of the constraints of nature is also part of our God given nature. Some exercises of that freedom—even when they transcend the constraints of nature—are good and should be affirmed. Other exercises of our freedom, even when they bring desirable results, may override limits that ought not be transcended.” (Bioethics, n.d).
Reference:
Grand Canyon University. ( n,d). Bioethics A Primer for Christians 3rd Edition. Retrieved from: https://viewer.gcu.edu/UXWB22
6-I have many friends who are happy living a life without children and have no intentions in having one, as much as I have many who revolve their lives around their children and would not have it any other way. When viewing a child as an object as you stated “Lines of kinship are blurred and confused ; the child begins to resemble a product of our wills rather than the offspring of our passion; and the presence of the child no longer testifies to and embodies the union of his parents.” (Bioethics, n.d). Though a child does not have to resemble a parent, when the child is viewed as an object and playing with genetics becomes a factor the child is no longer that of a life to bring from love but by certain circumstance. Hence bringing the problems that many encounter today in adapting to fitting society and putting that in our future spawn and generations.
Reference:
Grand Canyon University. ( n,d). Bioethics A Primer for Christians 3rd Edition. Retrieved from: https://viewer.gcu.edu/UXWB22
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2 Please Answer Based On These Answers As They Are Listed Each One Must Be Answered In Apaform And Not Less Than 150 Words 19096797
/in Uncategorized /by developer4-The four part of Christian Biblical Narrative are:
Creation- God created the Earth and everything on it intentionally. Nothing was created by accident.
Fall – Gods perfect order was broken. Sin, suffering, and death was introduced into the world.
Redemption- Jesus Christ died so that we can be forgiven and given the chance for salvation and a proper relationship with God.
Restoration- The ultimate goal of restoration of all creation. Has not yet occurred.
These ideas can provide comfort in times of sickness and disease. Disease and sickness did not occur until sin was introduced into the world. Often times, people lose faith in God when they are suffering and wonder why God put them in this position. It is during these times that our faith is tested. Healing occurs when faith is restored. The fact that God is present at all times and has plans for restoration of human kind should provide comfort.
5-In order to build a biblical-theological framework for understanding God’s mission, the church’s mission, and the church’s mission to the nations, one must first understand the unified biblical narrative, including its four major plot movements creation, The fall, redemption, and restoration. It is with this in mind that the contributors to Theology and Practice of Mission address some of the most compelling, practical, and crucial issues facing the global church today, issues such as justice, discipleship, community, and unreached people groups (Grand Canyon University, 2015).In the final days the story will not end with redemption. God has promised to renew the whole world, and the Bible gives us a peak into this glorious future. The restoration of all things will take place in two ways. Christ will return to judge sin and evil, and He will usher in righteousness and peace. God will purge this world of evil once and for all.
Reference:
Grand Canyon University. (2015). Lecture 3 PHI 413V. Retrieved from https://lc-ugrad3.gcu.edu/learningPlatform/user/users.html?operation=loggedIn#/learningPlatform/loudBooks/loudbooks.html?currentTopicname=&viewPage=past&operation=innerPage&topicMaterialId=a788df13-3e3d-4f98-83d7-029c35f3f96c&contentId=7c6bddaa-839a-46a4-b020-48f1f8451ce9&
6-According to author Bruce Ashford’s “Theology and Practice of Mission” everything in the universe and was created according to God’s plan .”In order to build a biblical-theological framework for understanding God’s mission, the church’s mission, and the church’s mission to the nations, one must first understand the unified biblical narrative, including its four major plot movements–creation, fall, redemption, and restoration.”
There are 4 main themes that interconnect the history of the Judeo-Christian worldview. The first is creation. In the beginning, God created time and the universe by His power, turning nothing into something (ex-nihilo). He created the stars, galaxies, fish, cucumbers, trees, giraffes, and his greatest work of all, humankind. God placed the man Adam and his wife Eve in the Garden of Eden, a perfect environment, and gave them the responsibility to tend the garden and take care of the animals.
The Temptation or the Fall of man. This is the struggle between good and evil in all kinds hearts and it has its origins in the garden of Eden and the Snake (Lucifer) and the apple of temptation of Eve’s biting of the apple.
The redemption in the Old Testament is the story of God’s plan to bring redemption of man. The sacrificial system, the spotless lamb, the savior of the world, the one who would die for his own people’s sins.
The final theme is restoration. It is when Christ will return and make all things right. At the moment of his death, there was a great earthquake. Jesus’ body was taken from the cross, laid in a nearby tomb, and on the third day, Jesus’ tomb was discovered empty. Only to be restored to eternal life.
References:
Grand Canyon University. (2015). Lecture 3 PHI 413V. Retrieved from https://lc-ugrad3.gcu.edu/learningPlatform/user/users.html?operation=loggedIn#/learningPlatform/loudBooks/loudbooks.html?currentTopicname=&viewPage=past&operation=innerPage&topicMaterialId=a788df13-3e3d-4f98-83d7-029c35f3f96c&contentId=7c6bddaa-839a-46a4-b020-48f1f8451ce9&
Ashford, Bruce, R. Theology & Practice of Mission (Nashville: B&H, 2011).
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2 Please Answer Based On These Answers As They Are Listed Each One Must Be Answered In Apaform And Not Less Than 150 Words 19104601
/in Uncategorized /by developer4-Crystel- Suicide is nothing less than a tragedy. The World Health Organisation (WHO), has estimated that over 800,000 people die due to suicide every year. Mental health, particularly depression, has been found to be the most important risk factor. Depression totally makes sense to me, one must be out of their mind to make the decision to take their own life. I don’t believe that anyone in their right mind would ever choose to take this route.
Suicide. (2015). Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/suicide
5-As Christians we hold suicide as morally wrong because we see it as a contradiction of our nature. According to Meilaender (2013), the act of suicide can be seen as “an unwillingness to receive life moment by moment from the hand of God without ever regarding it as simply “our” possession.” Suicide can be viewed as an attempt to bringing our life story to it’s conclusion. It conveys a desire to be more like “creator than creature.” As Christians, we believe that we exist always in relation to God; therefore, our life is not simply our possession to dispose of. I completely agree with Meilaender’s analysis on suicide. Life has been a gift given to us by God, he has a plan for us and we have no right to cut that plan short (Meilaender, 2013).
In regard to euthanasia, Meilaender states: “I have no authority to excersise lordship over another’s life, and another has no authority to make me lord over his life or death.” Christians should not request to cooperate in either assisted suicide or euthanasia. We should always give our best efforts to care for our dying loved ones. Often times, we’re tempted to believe that “life is our own to do with as we please.” In addition, we may believe that “another’s life is their own to do with as they please.” As Christians, we should see each one of our lives’ as a divine gift, we should guard it and respect it in others and in ourselves. We can be inclined to “overemphasize our freedom and forget the limits of our finite condition.” It’s hard to see people suffer and may think that euthanasia will bring relief. In reality, euthanasia is an act of abandonment, not a compassionate relief from suffering. Meilaender recommends maximizing care and standing besides those who suffer. Life is a gift, we need to “always care, never kill” (Meilaender, 2013).
Reference
Meilaender, G. (2013). Bioethics: A primer for Christians. (Third ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan/ Cambridbe, U.K.
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6-Personally, I do agree that “suicide is morally wrong because they have seen in it a contradiction of our nature as creatures, an unwillingness to receive life moment by moment from the hand of God without ever regarding it as simply our possession” (Meilaender, 2013). In addition, according to Meilaender (2013), “from Christians, each person’s life is a divine gift and trust, taken up into God’s own eternal life in Jesus, to be guarded and respected in others and in oneself”. A personal life, is not simple belong to oneself, belong to the Creator and involves to other lives. Therefore, no one has the right to end the life of self or others.
Why do people commit suicide or euthanasia? Sufferings? As a mankind, suffering is a significant part of human life that can have meaning or purpose. God does not really solve or take away the problem of suffering; rather, God himself lives that problem and bears it (Meilaender, 2013). The great God of eternal life does not opt to eliminate sufferings. Therefore, as a mortal, one has no excuse to choose death to avoid sufferings or diseases. We need to comprehend the meaning or purpose of sufferings as well as live to glorify God’s will.
Reference:
Meilaender, G. (2013). In Bioethics: A Primer for Christians [Adobe Digital Edition] (3rd ed.). Retrieved from https://viewer.gcu.edu/UXWB22.
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2 Please Answer Based On These Answers As They Are Listed Each One Must Be Answered In Apaform And Not Less Than 150 Words 19112013
/in Uncategorized /by developer4-great post. Working in a hospital setting, I come across many patients with diverse backgrounds. I am not always familiar with the diverse backgrounds my patients have. Therefore, when providing care for my patients, I always try to empathize and understanding what my patient’s going through. I always try to put myself in their place and try to understand them. By providing compassionate care, I think they can see and appreciate the efforts that I make for them.
5-Several prominent organizations have recognized the importance of spiritual care. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations has a policy that states: “For many patients, pastoral care and other spiritual services are an integral part of health care and daily life. The hospital is able to provide for pastoral care and other spiritual services for patients who request them”
Reference:
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals (CAMH): The Official Handbook (update 3) Oakbrook Terrace, Ill: JCAHO; 1999. Patient rights and organization ethics; pp. R1–15
6-Identifying your strengths and weaknesses before providing patient spiritual care can help identify your spirituality and assist in patients’ spiritual care satisfaction and patient outcome. As a nurse, listening is a good skill I must have to provide good spiritual care. I know that is important to respect patient’s beliefs, encourage the use of the use of their spiritual practices and display a genuine and caring attitude. Knowing that I need to open and comfortable to patient’s feelings and give them attention and time they deserve.
It is very important to manage perceived barriers to spiritual care because it can affect patient communication which can be considered a weakness. It is a challenge to set nursing interventions for a patient in spiritual distress and he or she may be questioning for the reason of his/her suffering. Planning continuing spiritual care can be helpful, but there is limited documentation process of spiritual care for continuity.
Reference
http://gcumedia.com/digital-resources/intervarsity-press/2006/called-to-care_a-christian-worldview-for-nursing_ebook_2e.php
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2 Please Answer Based On These Answers As They Are Listed Each One Must Be Answered In Apaform And Not Less Than 150 Words 19184537
/in Uncategorized /by developer4-CMS no longer reimburses health care providers for services that are required to treat certain complications of care. The complications of care have been nick-named “never events” because according to CMS, these events should never happen and are “reasonably preventable by following evidence-based guidelines.” Examples of these never-events include, stage III and IV pressure ulcers, PE or DVTs after certain surgeries, injuries resulting from falls while in-patient, retention of foreign object after surgery, surgery on the wrong body part, surgical site infections after certain surgeries, transfusion of the wrong blood type, and UTI resulting from a catheter.
Some of these events are reasonable. There is simply no excuse to operate on the wrong body part and if a physician makes the mistake of leaving a foreign object in someone after surgery, it is reasonable to not pay them for another surgery to remove it. However, some of these events are going to happen even if every precaution has been taken to prevent these events. DVTs and PEs are still possible even when someone is on heparin or lovenox. Regardless of exactly “how” preventable these conditions are, this change by CMS will certainly cause providers in in patient facilities to be more attentive in their care and prevention of these conditions. Because CMS specifically mentions that these events are preventable by evidence-based guidelines, in patient care models are focusing even more on these guidelines and basing their care off of them. For example, most hospitals now have protocols to prevents CAUTIs, such as requirements to perform and document catheter care, and algorithms for early removal of catheters, and prevention of unnecessary insertion of catheters in the first place.
Reference:
O’Rourke, P. T., & Hershey, K. M. (2018, September 14). Never-Event Implications. Retrieved from https://www.the-hospitalist.org/hospitalist/article/124081/never-event-implications
5-The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services or CMS is investigating ways that they can help to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of “never events” (ELIMINATING SERIOUS, PREVENTABLE, AND COSTLY MEDICAL ERRORS – NEVER EVENTS, 2006). These events are defined as errors in medical care that are clearly identifiable, preventable, and serious in their consequences for patients. “Never events,” like surgery on the wrong body parts or mismatched blood transfusions can cause serious injury or death to patients. There is not an exact number of “never events” but they are the cause in many deaths and additional health care costs that the CMs is trying to minimize. The rules for reimbursement are changing. The Deficit Reduction Act allows CMS to begin adjusting payments for hospital-acquired infections and reduce the payments when they occur. This has caused for a shift in how hospitals require nurses to care for their patients. At my hospital, they implemented 4eyes on upon admission. This means that two registered nurses must assess every square inch of a patient’s body upon admission to insure that the hospital is not responsible for previously acquired injuries. This helps to prevent unnecessary cost on our part treating wounds that were acquired at home. We still treat them but we are not shown as responsible for their development.
ELIMINATING SERIOUS, PREVENTABLE, AND COSTLY MEDICAL ERRORS – NEVER EVENTS. (2006, May 18). Retrieved April 2, 2019, from CMS.gov: https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/eliminating-serious-preventable-and-costly-medical-errors-never-events
6-The CMS reimbursement rules for never events required a shift in the patient care delivery model in inpatient facilities as this caused facilities to provide more quality based care to prevent the possibility of not getting paid for services that would be considered acquired through the facility. Many of the patients that come into the hospitals should be coming for their reasons for treatment not acquiring any other conditions due to their stay. Hospitals would be denied any additional payment for case in which one of the selected conditions was not present on admission. This caused many hospitals to panic and they attained means in order for this to be avoided. Due to this, facilities have developed distinct protocols and measures to make sure that this doesn’t occur. These conditions are known as never events, which include:
1. Air embolism
2. Blood incompatibility
3. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection
4. Certain manifestations of poor control of blood sugar levels
5. Deep-vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism after total knee and hip replacements
2. Falls/trauma
7. Objects left in during surgery
8. Pressure ulcers
9. Surgical-site infections after certain orthopedic and bariatric surgeries
10. Surgical-site infections after coronary artery bypass graft
11. Vascular catheter-associated infection
Reference:
ESBCO Host. (n.d.). Preventing Never Events. Retrieved April 2, 2019, from https://www.ebscohost.com/shared/never-events.pdf.
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