1-While there are many types of quantitative research designs, they generally fall under one of two umbrellas: experimental research and non-experimental research. The four most commonly used designs for research studies are descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental, and experimental.”(Grove, Gray & Burns, 2015).
In experimental design researchers uses random assignment and they manipulate an independent variable around a controlled variable. It is an objective, systematic, and highly controlled investigation conducted for predicting and controlling phenomena (Grove, Gray & Burns, 2015). A true experimental design there must be randomization, a control group and manipulation of a variable when examining the direct cause or predicted relationships between variables. In a quasi-experiment one of these aspects is missing (Sousa, Driessnack & Menders, 2007). As noted in Research Designs: Non-Experimental vs. Experimental (2018), When an experimental research is done correctly, experimental designs can provide evidence for cause and effect. Because of their ability to determine causation, experimental designs are the gold-standard for research in medicine, biology, and so on.
Descriptive and correlational designs can be referred to as non-experimental designs because the focus is on examining variables as they naturally occur in environments and not in the implementation of a treatment by the researcher. Non-experimental research, on the other hand, can be just as interesting, but you cannot draw the same conclusions from it as you can with experimental research. Non-experimental research is usually descriptive or correlational, which means that you are either describing a situation or phenomenon simply as it stands, or you are describing a relationship between two or more variables, all without any interference from the researcher. This means that you do not manipulate any variables (e.g., change the conditions that an experimental group undergoes) or randomly assign participants to a control or treatment group. Without this level of control, you cannot determine any causal effects. While validity is still a concern in non-experimental research, the concerns are more about the validity of the measurements, rather than the validity of the effects.
References
Grove, S., Gray, J., & Burns, N. (2015). Understanding Nursing Research, 6th Edition. Saunders, 092014. VitalBook file.
Research Designs: Non-Experimental vs. Experimental. (2018, July 19). Retrieved from http://www.statisticssolutions.com/research-designs-non-experimental-vs-experimental/
2-Experimental research is based around a test having a notable result. Basically, you test a hypothesis out and if the desired effect appears, it may be accurate. Essentially cause and effect. Normally this research will have controls and variables to help clarify the nature of the results. This kind of research is highly controlled to help prevent false conclusions. An example of experimental research would be common drug trials. During these trials, researchers are hoping to either discover new information about their drug or create further confirmation of what they already believe to be true. These tests are highly controlled.
Non-experimental research is based around the observation of behavior in a non-scientific setting. By this I mean that researchers look for possible data correlations by collecting information rather than testing a theory. An example of this would studies where researchers try to connect things like high mortality to a certain lifestyle or food choice. Because of the obvious risk to the patients, they would just collect information rather than staging experiments. The non-experimental model of research is much laxer and not as controlled.
Reference
Grove, S., Gray, J., & Burns, N. (2015). Understanding Nursing Research: Building an Evidence Based Practice (6th edition). St. Louis,MO. : Elsevier.
3- direct experimentation is indeed an excellent ways to obtain and analyze data. The observational changes observed can also be used to plan further studies. However, the preparation and execution of such experimentation is costly and time consuming. In contrast, lived experience of conditions suggested by numerical values found in experimental research is found in qualitative data. This data can be collected in fairly cheap and easy ways. However, the vastness of it and varying nature means that it has to be documented and analyzed by people, with little assistance from a machine (as various responses can be linked to one general value and that may not be easily programmed an algorithm to understand.The essential issues become: 1) Are you looking for qualitative or quantitative data? and 2)What does the data obtained say about the focus of the study? Ultimately, both types of research are necessary and valuable and allow problems to be considered in a detailed manner, differentiating the minutiae.
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1 Page Public Health Project Hivaids Prevention Program
/in Uncategorized /by developerDue 12/8 8 p.m
1 page not including title and ref page min 3 APA
Topic is based on HIV/ AIDS prevention medicine (Truvada)
Include a brief overview of the initiative and your rationale for selecting the initiative. BASED UPON THE TOPIC)
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1 Page Questions
/in Uncategorized /by developerQuality improvement projects are implemented with an aim to make healthcare systems safer. How do you know that your specific change project (HCG baths in the hospitalized pt with CVC’s lines in the prevention of CLABSI’s) will have this type of an effect on the hospital/facility?
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1 Page Reponse Needed Apa Style Reference Must Be Less Than 5 Years Old For Advance Nursing Informatics Class
/in Uncategorized /by developer1 PAGE REPONSE NEEDED APA STYLE REFERENCE MUST BE LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLD FOR ADVANCE NURSING INFORMATICS CLASS
Without the various roles and expertise of professional nurses in the development of nursing informatics, clinical information systems would not be able to have a foundation based on evidence-based practice. Evidence based practice is essential to developing clinical information systems in order to further the generation of nursing knowledge. Evidenced based practice is a process that uses the current best evidence in the care of patients as an approach to problem solving (McEwen & Wills, 2017). By nature, nurses gather data and record and collect clinical data that is objective on a daily basis. Professional nurses will gather this clinical data and identify trends seen across groups of patients (McGonigal & Mastrian, 2017). A solution to a problematic trend may be identified, implemented and seen to improve or make a positive impact on such trend which would be an example of evidence-based practice.
The use of nursing informatics through the electronic medical record, which is one of the most widely used clinical information systems in nursing today, has been heavily dependent on evidence-based practice. The EMR can be broken down to professional nurses chronicling their daily clinical challenges and queries (McGonigal & Mastrian, 2017). Documenting in an EMR includes using clinical practice guidelines which have been generated through evidence-based practice. For example, a patient can be identified as a fall risk using a basic fall risk assessment that has been previously synthesized to tailor specific criteria in identifying fall risks through daily nursing practice. This will usually would include age, previous fall incidence, medication, mobility and cognition. Once this fall risk has been identified, the nurse would open a clinical practice guideline parameter to document implemented patient centered care and focused interventions in the real-world setting (Vance, 2012). This is merely one example of knowledge brought into the CIS through research conducted by nurses. Evidence based practice was founded only to be useful in integrating into clinical information systems when is it used in clinical workflow (Bakken, Currie, Lee, Roberts, Collins & Cimino, 2008). Hence, the implementation of the CPG driven support system. Every clinical practice guideline has been developed through the use of evidence-based practice and then brought into the clinical information system of EMR.
The use of an info button is another example of evidence-based practice incorporated into CIS. The primary advantage of the info button approach from the clinician perspective is that the information provided is context-specific (Darvish, Bahramnezhad, Keyhanian & Navidhamidi, 2014). Info buttons actually serve as an additional source of evidence-based practice which can be accessed within another clinical information system, such as an EMR. They can be used to determine critical lab results and possibly their perspective treatments or they can be used to gain access to medication inquisitions. In both instances, the use of evidence-based practice is the foundation of the knowledge and information used.
Incorporating the use of informatics through clinical information systems such as electronic health records and info buttons allows for information to be computed on a daily basis. Through research, nurses become experts on analyzing and synthesizing knowledge and furthermore put the knowledge to practice with patients and family members. Clinical information systems are a vessel of nursing evidenced based practice put into clinical workflow which allows the continuous and further generation of nursing knowledge. Since clinical information systems are used widely throughout the nursing practice from bedside nurses, nurse practitioners to nurse researchers, it is imperative that the information being provided by such systems stay evident and factual, through evidence based practice.
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1 Page Response
/in Uncategorized /by developerFind case studies and articles about how original research in pathology affects evidence-based medicine.
share a link to an article or case study and summarize it.
Your comments should be substantive, reflective and evidence-based and show in-depth understanding and application of a concept.
Reference page
No plagiarism it will be put through turnitin
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/in Uncategorized /by developerNumber of Pages: 1 (Double Spaced)
Number of sources: 3
Writing Style: APA
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Category: Nursing
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1 Pg Nursing Public Health Selecting Research Methods
/in Uncategorized /by developerDue 5/30 4 p.m EST
1 PG APA FORMAT, NOT INCLUDING MIN 4 REFERENCES (NOT PAGE)
READ scenario and answer the 3 questions
Discussion: Selecting Research Methods
Health researchers not only systematically plan and implement health studies but also apply research findings to advance the health professions’ knowledge base and professional practice. The types of questions the researchers ask are what determine whether a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods approach is most suitable for a particular research study.
Research questions that ask “what” explore relationships between variables. Such questions require a quantitative approach. For example: “What” is the rate of influenza in my community? “What” is the relationship between selected demographic characteristics and a diagnosis of influenza?
Questions that ask “why” or “how” require a qualitative approach. For example: “Why” might Latina women in a particular neighborhood be wary of accessing reproductive health services?
Studies that seek an answer to “what,” “why,” and “how” questions employ a mixed-method approach of both quantitative and qualitative methods.
Post an explanation of the research method you would choose to conduct the public health study proposed in the scenario. Explain why you would choose this research method over others. Include in your explanation the benefits and limitations of the research method you selected. Be sure to indicate the sources used in your response, either course readings or other outside sources, using correct APA 6th edition form and style.
SCENARIO: Discussion Scenario Imagine that you are the director of a community health clinic that specializes in diabetes mellitus type 2 (DB2) diagnosis and management. According to research conducted by clinic employees, a significant percentage of the individuals who attend the clinic for this disease are not adhering to the diabetes management plans that the clinic provides. As the director, you wonder if there is some way to identify, at the point of diagnosis, those patients who are most likely to avoid adhering to their medications and post-diagnosis management plan. Doing so would enable the clinic to target potential nonadherers for more intensive education about DB2 management. You have hired a professional health researcher to design a study to answer the following questions:
1. Are there demographic and other characteristics associated with people who are likely to be nonadherers to the DB2 post-diagnosis management plan? If so, what are the determinants?
2. Can one predict who is likely to be a nonadherer?
3. What type of research study design is required to answer these research questions, and why?
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1 Please Answer Based On These Answers As They Are Listed Each One Must Be Answered In Apaform And Not Less Than 150 Words 18969081
/in Uncategorized /by developer1-While there are many types of quantitative research designs, they generally fall under one of two umbrellas: experimental research and non-experimental research. The four most commonly used designs for research studies are descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental, and experimental.”(Grove, Gray & Burns, 2015).
In experimental design researchers uses random assignment and they manipulate an independent variable around a controlled variable. It is an objective, systematic, and highly controlled investigation conducted for predicting and controlling phenomena (Grove, Gray & Burns, 2015). A true experimental design there must be randomization, a control group and manipulation of a variable when examining the direct cause or predicted relationships between variables. In a quasi-experiment one of these aspects is missing (Sousa, Driessnack & Menders, 2007). As noted in Research Designs: Non-Experimental vs. Experimental (2018), When an experimental research is done correctly, experimental designs can provide evidence for cause and effect. Because of their ability to determine causation, experimental designs are the gold-standard for research in medicine, biology, and so on.
Descriptive and correlational designs can be referred to as non-experimental designs because the focus is on examining variables as they naturally occur in environments and not in the implementation of a treatment by the researcher. Non-experimental research, on the other hand, can be just as interesting, but you cannot draw the same conclusions from it as you can with experimental research. Non-experimental research is usually descriptive or correlational, which means that you are either describing a situation or phenomenon simply as it stands, or you are describing a relationship between two or more variables, all without any interference from the researcher. This means that you do not manipulate any variables (e.g., change the conditions that an experimental group undergoes) or randomly assign participants to a control or treatment group. Without this level of control, you cannot determine any causal effects. While validity is still a concern in non-experimental research, the concerns are more about the validity of the measurements, rather than the validity of the effects.
References
Grove, S., Gray, J., & Burns, N. (2015). Understanding Nursing Research, 6th Edition. Saunders, 092014. VitalBook file.
Research Designs: Non-Experimental vs. Experimental. (2018, July 19). Retrieved from http://www.statisticssolutions.com/research-designs-non-experimental-vs-experimental/
2-Experimental research is based around a test having a notable result. Basically, you test a hypothesis out and if the desired effect appears, it may be accurate. Essentially cause and effect. Normally this research will have controls and variables to help clarify the nature of the results. This kind of research is highly controlled to help prevent false conclusions. An example of experimental research would be common drug trials. During these trials, researchers are hoping to either discover new information about their drug or create further confirmation of what they already believe to be true. These tests are highly controlled.
Non-experimental research is based around the observation of behavior in a non-scientific setting. By this I mean that researchers look for possible data correlations by collecting information rather than testing a theory. An example of this would studies where researchers try to connect things like high mortality to a certain lifestyle or food choice. Because of the obvious risk to the patients, they would just collect information rather than staging experiments. The non-experimental model of research is much laxer and not as controlled.
Reference
Grove, S., Gray, J., & Burns, N. (2015). Understanding Nursing Research: Building an Evidence Based Practice (6th edition). St. Louis,MO. : Elsevier.
3- direct experimentation is indeed an excellent ways to obtain and analyze data. The observational changes observed can also be used to plan further studies. However, the preparation and execution of such experimentation is costly and time consuming. In contrast, lived experience of conditions suggested by numerical values found in experimental research is found in qualitative data. This data can be collected in fairly cheap and easy ways. However, the vastness of it and varying nature means that it has to be documented and analyzed by people, with little assistance from a machine (as various responses can be linked to one general value and that may not be easily programmed an algorithm to understand.The essential issues become: 1) Are you looking for qualitative or quantitative data? and 2)What does the data obtained say about the focus of the study? Ultimately, both types of research are necessary and valuable and allow problems to be considered in a detailed manner, differentiating the minutiae.
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1 Please Answer Based On These Answers As They Are Listed Each One Must Be Answered In Apaform And Not Less Than 150 Words 19027285
/in Uncategorized /by developer1-According to Huber, “Reengineering is a radical redesign of business processes.” (Huber 242) The nurse manager plays a big role in health care in general, as the nurse manager allocates available resources, coordinate activities, facilitate interactive management, and have major responsibility for implementing the vision, mission, philosophy, goals, plans, and standards of the organization and nursing services. (Huber 34)
Now that we defined these two items, how do they co-relate? Well, nurse managers are on the front lines with the staff serving in front line roles. These nurse managers have a hand both on what goes on in the day-to-day and are a link to administration. Nurse managers are coordinating what happens on the front lines with patients and with administration to make things run as smooth as possible. These are the people who are a voice in administration for direct care providers.
Teamwork designs have become popular in healthcare organizations. Because middle managers oversee these team initiatives, their potential to influence innovation implementation has grown. Future research should investigate middle managers’ role in healthcare innovation implementation. Findings may aid top managers in leveraging middle managers’ influence to improve the effectiveness of healthcare innovation implementation. (Birken)
Resources
Birken, S. A., Lee, S. D., & Weiner, B. J. (2012). Uncovering middle managers role in healthcare innovation implementation. Implementation Science,7(1). doi:10.1186/1748-5908-7-28
Huber, Diane. Leadership and Nursing Care Management, 5th Edition. Saunders, 10/2013. VitalBook file.
2-there are so many changes happening in healthcare today, I agree nurse leaders are important. In the recent years we have seen the insurance companies and the healthcare providers unite, to provide a more efficient system with the focus on cost-effectiveness. These mergers dissolve the traditional building blocks of the healthcare system (Kacik, 2016). The changes will improve patient care and decrease healthcare spending. This relationship will provide evidenced based care and create a more integrated full-service provider. These deals are happening because the consumer is the top priority in healthcare. (Kacik, 2016).
As a case manager in the emergency department, I find people do not know how to navigate the healthcare system appropriately. The emergency department is often used for minor issues, that are not emergencies. The rise of urgent care centers and Walgreens clinics has not deterred people from using the ED for minor, non-urgent care. I recently saw a person come with an irritated cuticle on their finger. I saw a mother bring a toddler with a small rash on his leg. Only a few examples that shock me. This is a huge cost for the health care system that we are currently, tactfully trying to address. There are so many more cost-efficient alternatives in health care. We cannot deny care to anyone, yet education regarding improper use of the emergency department is becoming a top priority.
References;
Kacik, A. (2016, December). Healthcare mega-mergers dominate 2017 – Modern Healthcare. http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20171226/NEWS/171229957
3-I agree, nurse leaders have taken on the role of negotiator and conflict manager. We have seen many changes recently in healthcare and I believe it is going to continue. I think nurses are resilient, we have faced many changes and managed to carry on. I also feel the delivery of the information is the most important aspect. The staff needs to be gently guided into the changing status. We usually hear about the upcoming changes before they actually occur, which gives us time to process everything. When the changes happen, there are multiple personalities and each individual has their own way of dealing with change. The role of the nurse leader has been an important addition in the hospitals. There is a person to talk to and offer support, answer questions and clarify the changes. Often mangers and administration are not approachable, having a nurse leader is an important asset in our field.
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1 Please Answer Based On These Answers As They Are Listed Each One Must Be Answered In Apaform And Not Less Than 150 Words 19046793
/in Uncategorized /by developer1-This week’s lecture states, “A qualitative study has no hypotheses, and the research question is usually very broad. Questions will evolve as the study progresses. Therefore, the researcher looks for data to form impressions; this type of research is not measurable” (Grand Canyon University, 2012.). To some people such as myself, not having a definite “plan” and or question as to what will be studied can be stressful. Qualitative data comes as you go and begin your research. Qualitative data is not so much numbers, but interviews and pictures. This can leave the researcher with a lot of data to sort through and may now know how to begin organizing. One way is to highlight certain information with a different color highlighter so you know certain data is a different color or even using different color paper. Even separating data into different piles. Different things will work for different people. According to an article in Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health:
5 Easy Steps to Good Data Management
Reference:
Grand Canyon University. 2012. Research Ethics and Research Process Components: Problem, Question and Literature Review. Retrieved from https://lc-ugrad3.gcu.edu/learningPlatform/user/users.html?operation=loggedIn#/learningPlatform/loudBooks/loudbooks.html?viewPage=current&operation=innerPage¤tTopicname=Research%20Ethics%20and%20Evaluating%20Qualitative%20Research&topicMaterialId=c62190ed-c404-444c-bc29-954269d5bbe5&contentId=f614cda6-1cf4-4875-b0b9-82cdd77d5c34&
John Hopkins University. 2018. Managing your Qualitative Data: 5 easy steps. Retrieved from http://ocw.jhsph.edu/courses/qualitativedataanalysis/PDFs/Session2.pdf
2-Having a plan for organizing the data before all of the data has been obtained is going to make the data that is collected far less overwhelming to organize later. The organization process needs to be done in a manner that allows there to be an element of openness to the data that is collected while also have an element of structure. Questions asked to participants should be clear and should imply that concise information be written, but that all questions are answered fully (Johnson et al., 2010). There is an important balance between obtaining enough information and not being inundated with information that is unnecessary that must later be sifted through in order to find something useful. Software will also be helpful with the organization process in which everything is divided into categories and the information can be used in both a quantitative and qualitative manner. Organization is something to be maintained throughout a study (Talanquer, 2014).
References
Johnson, B. D., Dunlap, E., & Benoit, E. (2010). Organizing “mountains of words” for data analysis, both qualitative and quantitative. Substance Use & Misuse , 45 (5), 648-670. doi:10.3109/10826081003594757
Talanquer, V. (2014). Using qualitative analysis software to facilitate qualitative data analysis. ACS Symposium Series , 83-95. doi:10.1021/bk-2014-1166.ch005
3-Labeling the themes into categories is going to be an important method for later quantifying the qualitative data into something that can be used to show a pattern. Entering the different categories into software and ensuring that they are going to be easily used and referenced later is important. There are software available as a tally system for the information that can allow one to explain what the different respondents agreed and disagreed upon (Johnson et al., 2010). For example, if there are three respondents who have a similar symptom, one respondent with a unique symptom, and eight respondents who have a different symptom, then that can be quantified and tallied based on the respondents experiences. Having enough information is going to be just as important as not getting superfluous information, so it will be necessary to be clear about exactly what information is needed before questioning the respondents so that nothing is missed (Talanquer, 2014).
References
Johnson, B. D., Dunlap, E., & Benoit, E. (2010). Organizing “mountains of words” for data analysis, both qualitative and quantitative. Substance Use & Misuse , 45 (5), 648-670. doi:10.3109/10826081003594757
Talanquer, V. (2014). Using qualitative analysis software to facilitate qualitative data analysis. ACS Symposium Series , 83-95. doi:10.1021/bk-2014-1166.ch005
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1 Please Answer Based On These Answers As They Are Listed Each One Must Be Answered In Apaform And Not Less Than 150 Words 19065859
/in Uncategorized /by developer1-According to Grove & Burns, extraneous variables “exist in all studies and can interfere with obtaining a clear understanding of the relationships among the study variables” (2011). The amount of influence that extraneous variables can have on dependent variables is through control (Grove & Burns, 2011). When extraneous variables present itself, it can prevent researchers from developing a clear picture of the cause and effect or the ways that each study variables interact with one another. Types of controlled settings that a researcher might conduct their study would be in labs, research or experimental centers, and test units in hospitals or healthcare agencies (Grove & Burns, 2011). Extraneous variables can also be controlled using four different approaches: randomization, matching, using experimental designs, and statical control (“Methods to Control Extraneous Variables,” 2014). Randomization is when treatments are randomly given to the experimental groups. Matching is a technique in which confounding variables such as age, gender, income, etc. are matched into different groups so that each group contains equally distributed variables. The use of experimental designs can completely remove the chances of extraneous variables.
Grove & Burns. (2011). Understanding nursing research. Retrieved from https://evolve.elsevier.com/cs/product/9781455770601
Methods to Control Extraneous Variables. (2014, July 7). Retrieved from http://www.dissertationcanada.com/blog/methods-to-control-extraneous-variables/
2-Extraneous variables are variables that the researcher sometimes can control and sometimes cannot control that have little to do with the study at hand, but have the potential to have a significant effect upon the study. The extraneous variables sometimes have little effect on a study, or sometimes have the potential to completely throw off a study depending upon their influence on the nature of the study (Street, 1995). A participant’s age or gender could greatly impact the results of a study, in unexpected ways. Controlling for this could mean working with a specific age group of people, or engaging in an all male or all female study so that the extraneous variables do not affect the results of the research. Ultimately researchers need to make correlations between the variables and be certain that the extraneous variables are not impacting the research in a manner that is going to throw off the results significantly (Skelly et al., 2012).
References
Skelly, A., Dettori, J., & Brodt, E. (2012). Assessing bias: the importance of considering confounding. Evidence-Based Spine-Care Journal, 3(01), 9-12. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1298595
Street, D. L. (1995). Controlling extraneous variables in experimental research: a research note. Accounting Education, 4(2), 169-188. doi:10.1080/09639289500000020
3-Extraneous variables are variables that are not being evaluated in a research study, but are simultaneously going to affect that research study. The variables could be something that the researcher knows about, or they could be subtle correlations that the researcher cannot find without examining the information about the participants in the study in greater detail. The variables could be a significant factor in the outcome of the research if they are not properly accounted for (Street, 1995). Limiting the effects of extraneous variables involves first identifying what those variables are. Some of the variables cannot be helped. Others can be controlled for by careful consideration and control mechanisms implemented within the study. This can be done by examining correlations and discovering the correlations that appear to be significant within the context of the study (Skelly et al., 2012). Overall, extraneous variables are an inevitability that a researcher will encounter, but they can be controlled for if the study is evaluated properly.
References
Skelly, A., Dettori, J., & Brodt, E. (2012). Assessing bias: the importance of considering confounding. Evidence-Based Spine-Care Journal, 3(01), 9-12. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1298595
Street, D. L. (1995). Controlling extraneous variables in experimental research: a research note. Accounting Education, 4(2), 169-188. doi:10.1080/09639289500000020
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