Lesson 2.2: Critical Reading

Name___________________ Class______________ Date________

Read these passages from the text and answer the questions that follow.

Biochemical Reactions and Enzymes

Biochemical reactions are chemical reactions that take place inside the cells of living things. Biochem-

istry is a relatively new field that emerged at the interface of biology and chemistry. Its emergence shows

that knowledge of chemistry as well as biology is needed to understand fully the life processes of organisms

at the level of the cell. The sum of all the biochemical reactions in an organism is called metabolism. It

includes both exothermic and endothermic reactions.

Types of Biochemical Reactions

Exothermic reactions in organisms are called catabolic reactions. These reactions break down molecules

into smaller units and release energy. An example of a catabolic reaction is the breakdown of glucose,

which releases energy that cells need to carry out life processes. Endothermic reactions in organisms are

called anabolic reactions. These reactions build up bigger molecules from smaller ones. An example of

an anabolic reaction is the joining of amino acids to form a protein. Which type of reactions — catabolic

or anabolic — do you think occur when your body digests food?

Enzymes

Most biochemical reactions in organisms need help in order to take place. Why is this the case? For

one thing, temperatures are usually too low inside living things for biochemical reactions to occur quickly

enough to maintain life. The concentrations of reactants may also be too low for them to come together

and react. Where do the biochemical reactions get the help they need to proceed? The help comes from

enzymes.

An enzyme is a protein that speeds up a biochemical reaction. An enzyme works by reducing the amount

of activation energy needed to start the reaction. Less activation energy is needed when the correct enzyme

is present than when it is not present.

Enzymes are involved in most biochemical reactions, and they do their job extremely well. A typical

biochemical reaction could take several days to occur without an enzyme. With the proper enzyme, the

same reaction can occur in just a split second! Without enzymes to speed up biochemical reactions, most

organisms could not survive. The activities of enzymes depend on the temperature, ionic conditions, and

the pH of the surroundings. Some enzymes work best at an acidic pH, while others work best in neutral

environments.

Questions

1. What is an enzyme?

2. How are biochemistry and metabolism related?

3. Which type of reactions — catabolic or anabolic — do you think occur when your body digests food?

 

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Lesson 4 Tax 507

Writing Assignments

1. Sarah Settlor created an irrevocable trust that provided that all income is required to be distributed in equal shares to her two children Steven and Stephanie. The trust earned $200,000 in dividend income and 100,000 in tax-exempt interest for the year. It had $9,000 in expenses allocated to income by the trust instrument and state law. Calculate (1) the DNI for trust, (2) the distribution deduction, and (3) the amount and character of income that the beneficiaries received for the tax year.

2. Gertrude Grantor created an irrevocable trust for the benefit of her two children, Gerald and Geraldine, and Momandapplepie, a qualified charity. Assume that it is not a grantor trust and no income has been accumulated prior to this year. The trust provides that $25,000 must be distributed to Geraldine annually. The remainder of the income can be accumulated or paid out to Geraldine, Gerald, and Momandapplepie in such amounts as the Trustee, in its sole discretion deems appropriate. Corpus may be distributed under the discretionary provisions also. The trust had the following items of income and expense for the tax year:

Taxable Interest……………………………..$60,000

Tax-exempt interest…………………………$50,000

Long-term Capital Gain…………………….$25,000 Rent…………………………………………….…$40,000

Rental Expense………………………………..$15,000

Fiduciary Fees (allocated to corpus)…. $ 8,000

The Trustee made the following distributions at the close of the tax year:

Geraldine…………………..……$50,000

Gerald……………………….…….$30,000

Momandapplepie………………$20,000

Compute (1) the distribution deduction, (2) the charitable deduction, (3) the taxable income of the trust (it is not necessary to determine its tax liability), and (4) the character of the items distributed to the beneficiaries.

 

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Can someone please help me with this assignment

Answer the following questions showing all work. Full credit will not be given to answers without work shown. If you use StatKey or Minitab Express include the appropriate output (copy + paste) along with an explanation. Output without explanation will not receive full credit. Round all answers to at least 3 decimal places. If you have any questions, post them to the course discussion board.

1. According to U.S. News and World Reports, 18.60% of all Penn State World Campus students have military experience. In a random sample of 40 students enrolled in World Campus sections of STAT 200, 5 reported having military experience.  [30 points]

A. Compute the sample proportion (p-hat) for this sample of n=40 STAT 200 students.

B. Should the exact method or normal approximation method be used to construct a sampling distribution in this situation? Explain your reasoning.

C. Using StatKey, construct a sampling distribution for p=0.1860 and n=40. Generate at least 5,000 samples. Take a screenshot of your sampling distribution and paste it here.

D. If the population proportion is 18.60%, what is the probability of taking a random sample of n=40 and finding a sample proportion more extreme than the one observed in this sample? Use StatKey to determine this proportion. Include a screenshot of your sampling distribution with this proportion highlighted.

E. Given your results from part D, do you think that the proportion of all STAT 200 students who have military experience is different from the overall population of World Campus students where p=0.1860? Explain your reasoning.

2. For the following questions, assume a normally distributed population. [20 points]

             A. Given μ=50, σ=15, and n=25, compute the standard error of the mean.

             B. Given μ=50, σ=15, and n=500, compute the standard error of the mean.

             C. Given μ=50, σ=3, and n=25, compute the standard error of the mean.

             D. Given μ=500, σ=15, and n=25, compute the standard error of the mean.

E. How does the standard error of the mean change when the population mean, population standard deviation, and sample size change?

3. Using StatKey you are going to construct a sampling distribution for a mean. Select a population distribution that is NOT normal (e.g., the built in Hollywood Movies, Rock Bands, or Baseball Players datasets, or a skewed distribution of your own). Using the same population distribution for each, construct the distribution of sample means for N=4 and N=30. Take at least 5,000 samples. [20 points]

A. Include a screen shots of your parent population and your two sampling distributions here.

B. How are your two distributions of sample means similar? How are they different?

C. Describe how your results relate to the Central Limit Theorem.

4. In the population ACT scores are normally distributed with a mean of 18 and a standard deviation of 6. Suppose that we are taking a simple random sample of 60 students from one high school. [30 points]

             A. Calculate the standard error of the mean.

B. If we were to repeatedly pull samples of 60 individuals from the population of all ACT test takers, the distribution of sample means would have a mean of ____ and a standard deviation of ____.

C. Given the values from part B, 95% of random samples of n=60 will have sample means between ___ and ___.

D.  What is the probability that you would pull a random sample of 60 individuals from the population of all test takers and they would have a sample mean of 19 or higher?

E. Suppose that the high school in question boasts that their students (i.e., the population of all of their students) have an average ACT score above the national average of 18. Given your results from part D, do you believe that there is evidence that the mean ACT score at this high school is greater than 18?  Explain your reasoning.

 

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Lesson 7 presented several national policy matters that have developed over the past 10 to 20 years. Please explain how public policy is formed in the American system of government. How is the problem identified? Who is responsible for determining solutions or setting the public policy agenda? (Hint: Read the examples and ask yourself these questions as you read the information presented about each.)   500 words 

Surname 1 Student’s NameInstructor’s NameCourseDateNational PolicyHow national policy is formed in the American system of governmentThe process of national formation is a sensitive model…

 

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