Agree Or Disagreement This Answer With 100 Words And Because 19188799

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Like in economics, nurses use a conceptual model framework to form an abstraction from reality and use a set of factors to illustrate the complex human being activities and represent the real working system. In nursing, a conceptual model framework is a fictional representation of the functioning of the human body by use of pictures, diagrams, and videos to help them know how the real system operates. On the other hand, nursing theory is a well-proven description of a particular phenomenon in the nursing sector has substantive reasoning and documentation explaining its occurrence (Alligood, 2017). Besides, the theories comprise of ideas, descriptions, interactions, and conventions that support the existence of a particular phenomenon.

Moreover, an array of factors that constitute a nursing theory include the patient, environment, health and nursing goals. Florence Nightingale’s environmental nursing theory is an appropriate example of a nursing theory that explains the relationship the ecological factors and the patients’ healing rate. Nightingale says that the environment whether healthy or unhealthy influences the immune system of a human being so much easier that if a patient stays in an unhealthy surrounding, there are very minimal chances of quick recovery (Zborowsky, 2014). In nursing, the environmental theory sets out factors that speed up the healing process of patients under medication. She discovered this theory during the Crimean War where the health conditions of the soldiers deteriorated despite providing medication; therefore, she concluded that the dirty environment and poor sanitation significantly led to the worsening of the soldiers’ condition. Thus, the environmental conditions that speed up the healing process of a patient include clean air to breathe, clean water, light, perfect drainage systems, and general cleanliness of the patient.

 
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Agree Or Disagreement This Answer With 100 Words And Because 19188803

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  According to Stacey Whitney in eBook Dynamics in Nursing Art and Science of Professional Practice she defines a theory as the following. A theory is a collection of statements that explain a relationship between two or more ideas. Theory maintains a central role in the evolution of the nursing discipline. (Grand Canyon University,2018). She later describes a conceptual model as, “Conceptual models explain a particular way of thinking, or a mental picture of how the theory fits together, according to the theorist. A conceptual model is the organizing structure that defines the theory.” (Grand Canyon University, 2018). Using Whitney’s definition of theory and conceptual model can see that theory is statement whereas a conceptual model is an expression of a particular theory. Any individual can have a conceptual model of something, but a theory has a body of accepted proof. An example would be a personal concept that traffic is heaviest on Thursdays. For this concept to be a model longer definition or visual representation would be needed. To continue the example the model would state that traffic is heaviest on Thursdays due to the fact that it is last day of the week that most people are engaged in regular activities including school and work. For the model to be considered a theory then studies to back the claim up would be needed like traffic studies that would be repeated in several different areas and would continue to be proven true.

    A nursing theory would be Orem’s self-care deficit theory.Whitney describes the theory by stating the following: Orem’s theory states that the individual should be in an appropriate environment to receive care. The environment is external; however, for Orem’s theory, the environment and individual are bound together, and they function as one unit. Individual health is a condition in which humans are structurally and functionally complete. Health is considered physical, psychological, interpersonal, and social (Orem, 1995) A brief summary of the theory is that the patient is no longer able to care for themselves at an adequate enough level and this where the nurse will step in and provide care in a manner that matches the patients’ needs to return to health. An example of Orem’s theory being used on daily basis would be when a client is recently diagnosed with diabetes the nurse’s role would be to educate on self-care and how to manage the disease appropriately with things such as foot care, blood glucose checks, and diet changes and so on. The nurse is working with the individual and giving them the ability to care for themselves with the education. By educating the patient the self-care deficit has been eliminated.

 
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Agree Or Disagreement This Answer With 100 Words And Because 19188815

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Nursing practice started as far back as 250 B.C. Most of the early nursing professionals were men of God. Then they slowly became men associated with the military. During the Crimean War, nursing took a dive for the worst. “Nursing had become a job for the “undesirables” in society — the immoral, the alcoholic, and the illiterate” (Grand Canyon University, n.d.). The income for people within the field, wasn’t sufficient enough to live off of, let alone anything else. After gaining some backing from the military, nursing become a more recognized profession.

Way before our leading lady, Florence Nightingale, stepped into the spotlight, there was the great Dorothea Dix. Dorothea was a pioneer, “she began the movement toward recognizing the role of women in medicine and the development of nursing as a profession” (Grand Canyon University, n.d.). She was an advocate for how our mentally ill patients were being treated and their living conditions. She fought for the people who could not fight for themselves, and she traveled all over to do it. 

Another person to shed some light on the nursing profession was not known for his nursing qualities, but his writing. Walt Whitman became a caregiver by accident, by caring for his brother after being wound during the Civil War. “When he went to Washington, DC to care for his brother he saw the plight of many wounded soldiers and decided to stay and care for the sick and wounded” (Grand Canyon University, n.d). After his experiences, he put pen to paper, and did what he did best. He wrote a poem called “The Wound Dresser”. Not only did it explain what he did, but is expressed how badly the men were hurt and how bad the conditions were. The poem is moving and you can almost see all of the men Walt Whitman helped.

Mildred Montag addressed issues within the education for nursing professionals. Mildred “revolutionized nursing education by the creation of the 2 year associate degree in nursing” (Grand Canyon University, n.d). She set up a program that could be achieved in less time than attending a 4 year college. This assisted with the nursing shortage and allowed more nursing to be produced. 

All three of these people, changed nursing in some way. History allows us to look back, and remember that this is a profession that is full of compassion and devotion. What an honor it is to be apart of it all.

 
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Agree Or Disagreement This Answer With 100 Words And Because 19189479

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“The first half of the nineteenth century saw nursing conditions at their worst. Nursing had become a job for the “undesirables” in society — the immoral, the alcoholic, and the illiterate. The pay for nursing care was poor and was frequently supplemented in any way possible. There was little organization associated with nursing and certainly no social standing. No one would enter nursing who could possibly earn a living in some other way. Through the work of early nursing figures, nursing gained the respect of the military and the government, ushering the birth of what is now considered modern nursing.”(Nursing Timeline)The hospitals were so disgraceful, dirty contaminated with infections. There was no proper ventilation in hospital rooms that’s increase risk of dying.

“Florence Nightingale1820 – 1910

Widely recognized as the founding mother of modern nursing, Florence Nightingale’s work led to the reform of sanitary conditions in military hospitals, the organization and advancement of nursing education and the development of measures to analyze disease and morality rates using statistical methods. Her observations and writings contributed to the development of an applied theory of communicable disease. Her seminal work, Notes on Nursing: What it is and What it is Not has, for centuries, formally defined the work of nursing as unique and separate from that of medicine and the social sciences.”(Nursing Timeline) She provided clean dressings, clean bed, well cooked food, proper sanitation and fresh air to patients and do her rounds with a lamp. “The profession of nursing was strengthened by the development of nursing training and degree programs that would adhere to standards of care and regulations developed by nursing associations and nurse licensure. Fewer than twenty nurses attended the first convention in 1896 of the Nurses Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada which became in 1911 the American Nurses Association.”(Nursing Timeline)Big hospitals start their own nursing schools to produce more qualified and educated nurses to help community. Because in back days there was only lay people who work as nurses without proper education and knowledge. With education nursing profession changed a lot with new ways of thinking and knowledge specific to nursing. Nursing theory is essential to continuing evolution of the discipline of nursing. The use of nursing theory in research is very important. Nurses often use theories from other disciplines instead of their own and this expands the knowledge of another discipline.(Marlaine.S &Marilyn.P 2010)

 
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Agree Or Disagreement This Answer With 100 Words And Because 19190097

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Nursing today is not just placing a bandage on a wound and telling a patient to keep it clean.The art of nursing is complex.Nurses not only work with patients but also in conjunction with their families, physicians, community, and ancillary personnel to help care for and improve their health.

A key segment of nursing is utilizing nursing theories and conceptual models.When a nurse understands a nursing theory, it strengthens the focus of care by guiding nursing practice (Grand Canyon University, 2018).According to Grand Canyon University (2018), a theory is defined by a collection of statements that explain a relationship between two or more ideas.Improving nursing practice is the ultimately the goal of applying a nursing theory (Grand Canyon University, 2018).A conceptual model is a way of explaining a particular way of thinking of how a theory fits together (Grand Canyon University, 2018).There are different types of theories and how they are utilized in nursing practice.Organizing the theories into the different types is the structure of a conceptual model.

Madeleine Leininger’s cultural care theory is important for nurses to understand.The idea that as nurses we not only care for the patient but also the family and community is a significant part of this theory.It is defined, “as the focus on the analysis of different cultures to better understand their ideas of health, their behaviors, and their thoughts” (Grand Canyon University, 2018). A patient’s culture plays a significant role in how they perceive nurses, hospitals, and the health care system itself.“Native Americans are at a greater risk than whites for poorer overall physical and mental health” (Roh et al., 2015, p. 970).Historically, native Americans have experienced great loss in regards to their people, land and culture by the dominant European culture (Roh, et al., 2015).A patient that presents with mental health issues may have a problem discussing feelings of depression or anxiety with anyone outside of their culture.This is vital for nurses to understand. Nurses need to be aware of significant cultural aspects that can affect a patient’s overall health and treatment.Applying Leininger’s cultural care theory in the nursing process will help ensure a treatment plan that will improve the possibility of a positive patient outcome.

References

 
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Agree Or Disagreement This Answer With 100 Words And Because 19195775

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In each state of the United States, there is a specific Nurse Practice Act that addresses the scope and standard of practice of nurses. Each state has a Board of Registered Nurses that governs the Nurse Practice Act, they set up rules and regulations. When these rules and regulations become established its as if they are law. (Green, 2018)

In my great state of California, the Board of Registered Nurses (BRN) consists of nine members, four members are from the general public and five are registered nurses. The five nurses have a diverse background: patient care, nursing administration, nursing education and there is one advanced practice nurse. The California BRN is responsible for implementation and enforcement of the Nursing Practice Act: the laws related to nursing education, licensure, practice, and discipline. This is designed primarily to protect the patient, not the nurse. The BRN protects patients by setting educational standards, approving California nursing programs and evaluating licensure applicants.

This has had a direct impact on the environment I work in and my practice as a nurse. The Conscious Sedation Section 2725(b)(2) of the Nursing Practice Act of California stipulates the RN providing conscious sedation will have no other role.(Conscious Sedation, 1995) In the Cathlab environment at my hospital, prior to this NPA, the RN providing conscious sedation was also the circulator in the room. The RN was expected to administer Versed and Fentanyl to sedate patients while retrieving supplies and performing other duties: sponge accounting and point of care testing. As a result of this NPA and its impact on patient safety, there are now two RN’s present in the Cathlab during procedures when conscious sedation is utilized. It also changed the matrix of the call team. There are now four people on call for emergencies, two of the call team members are RN’s. As someone who has worked in emergent situations as the only RN, I can say this is a HUGE improvement for patient safety. I applaud the California BRN and this NPA, they really do have patient safety at the forefront. Sedated patients and a potential compromised airway deserve undivided attention from an RN. This is just one example of how the standard of practice in California has been positively influenced by this governing body.

 
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Agree Or Disagreement This Answer With 100 Words And Because 19196011

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2 postsRe: Topic 4 DQ 1

Standards of nursing practice provide guidance and expectations of nursing practice and nursing performance, which help define the responsibilities of the nurse. Standards of practice include assessment, diagnosis, planning, coordination of care, health teaching, consultation, prescriptive authority, and evaluation while the standards of performance include ethics, education, evidence-based practice and research, quality of practice, communication, leadership, collaboration, professional performance evaluation, resource utilization, and environmental health (Case de Leonardi, 2014 and cited by Green, S.Z. (2018). Each state has their own Nurse Practice Act that addresses the scope and standard of practice specifically for that state and empowers a board of nursing which creates the administrative rules. Once adopted these rules have the same weight and effect as law (Green, 2018).

The Georgia Board of Nursing has the power to enforce the regulations as defined in the Nurse Practice Act as well as amend them if deemed necessary. The board is in charge of developing state nursing standards, license enforcement and evaluate nursing programs on a regular basis. The board also investigates any complaints against licensed nurses and imposes a disciplinary process. It has the authority to require the surrender of a nursing license during any pending action. The board’s primary purpose is to protect the public.

The Georgia Board of Nursing Nurse Practice Act recognizes that assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, intervention, evaluation, teaching and supervision are the major responsibilities of a nurse. The steps of the nursing process include assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. The Standards of Practice delineate the quality of nursing care that a patient/client should receive regardless of whether it is provided solely by a RN or by a RN in collaboration with other licensed or unlicensed personnel. My current position is in quality. These Standards ensure a responsibility and an accountability of the RN to the patient for the quality of nursing care rendered (Georgia Board of Nursing, Nurse Practice Act, Rules Chapter 410-10 Standards of Care).

 
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Agree Or Disagreement This Answer With 100 Words And Because 19197537

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1 postsRe: Topic 4 DQ 1

In the state of Texas, “Chapter 301 of the Texas Occupations Code (TOC) contains the Nurse Practice Act (NPA) which creates the BON and defines its responsibility for regulating nursing education, licensure and practice” (Schmid). The purpose of the Board of Nursing is “to protect and promote the welfare of the people of Texas” (TBON, 2013). The Texas Board of Nursing (TBON) strives to ensure public safety by competent licensure of qualified individuals, investigation of violations and legal action when necessary. In order to achieve this TBON works closely with the Texas legislature, which meets every two years, to create bills to amend the NPA as they deem necessary (TBON, 2013). Only the Texas legislature can make changes to the NPA and in order to start the process of change, the TBON submits its proposed changes to the Texas Register, which creates a bulletin maintained by the Office of the Secretary of State and serves as a notice of state agency rulemaking (TBON,2013).

The scope of practice for registered nurses (RN) is outlined by the NPA and it sets the parameters of legal practice in accordance with federal, state, and local laws. In my area of specialty (Progressive Care Unit – step down ICU), the RN is an advocate for the patient and their family and utilizes the nursing process (assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementing, evaluating) to provide services that require specialized judgment and skill. Another large part of the RN’s scope of practice is knowing appropriate delegation. The RN accepts responsibility and demonstrates accountability in the quality of care provided to their patients (TBON, 2013). The entity I work for further adds to the scope of practice by determining which medications can be administered on our specific unit and the number of patients each RN is allowed to provide care for at any one time during a twelve-hour shift.

 
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Agree Or Disagreement This Answer With 100 Words And Because 19197541

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 e: Topic 4 DQ 1

The reason for standards of practice in nursing is to promote, guide, direct, and regulate the professional practice. Each province in Canada sets a standard of Nursing that every nurse has to adhere by. These standards ensure that the legal and professional standards of nursing are upheld. Hence the reason a license is issued for a nurse to practice so the public can be protected and safeguarded.

In Ontario, The College of Nurse’s of Ontario is the body that sets standards and practice guidelines for nurses. The main purpose of these guidelines is to provide safe and ethical nursing care for the people of Ontario.

Practice standards:
These outline the expectation of nurse contribution to public protection.
The nurse needs to be aware of the accountability to the public.
To make the public aware of what is expected of the nurse.
These standards apply to every nurse,

Practice Guideline:
In these guidelines, nurses understand their responsibilities and how to make ensure that they make safe and ethical decisions.

The other legislative body that is key to where I work is the Legislation relevant to mental health in Ontario. (RSO 1990, C.M.7-Ontario.ca).
The Mental Health Act sets out the guidelines for when a person is admitted to a specially designated psychiatric facility. The admission designation should be voluntary, involuntary or informal.
The health care consent act which states the rules determining capacity are in three areas, treatment decision, admission, and personal assistance care.
The Substitute decision Act allows for the individual who is capable to appoint another person to make decisions for them in case they become incapable.
Then there is the Health Information act of 2004. This legislation was enacted to ensure that health care providers understood the unique demands of providing mental health care for individuals and that there is no disclosure of information without the consent of the client or a substitute decision maker.
In the mental health setting, I work it is imperative to establish the status of the client immediately on arrival. Meaning if the client is voluntary, involuntary, or informal. Treatment decisions are made with this in mind. Adherence to the College of Nurses guidelines and the mental health legislation is important because depending on the capacity of the client, some immediately request a lawyer on admission who is routed through a Rights Adviser. A Rights Advisor is one of the hospital’s employees and can be reached through an extension. This information is usually posted so the client can have easy access. While trying to ensure that that client is safe and needs are met, it’s within the patient’s right to be treated immediately, and have access to an attorney. This is also a very important aspect of their lives.

 
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Agree Or Disagreement This Answer With 100 Words And Because 19197969

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