1. Introduction about what you are going to write about, also you should mention the topics that you are going to write.
2. The first topic is our Black Shining prince page 309-310, you should answer the two question here depends on this topic… I need examples from the text with cited . 

• What emotion did I feel when reading this text?why did I feel these emotions and what parts of the text specifically made me feel this way?
• How did I feel about the style of this text? Did it help communicate the author’s message to me? Did not make the authors overall message clear or difficult to understand?

3.the second topic is If black English isn’t a language , then tell me what is .. page 132-134…. Answer the three question depend on this topics with example from these pages

• What do I take away after reading this text? What is the overall argument the author is making?
• Would I want to read any other texts by this specific writer? If so, why or why not?
• What do I plan on doing with the knowledge I have learned from this text in the future?

1. Conclusion about the two topics.

Note: I need your thought and opinion more on these two topics 

Note: every idea or examples you take from the text should be cited with the page of the text please.

it should be 3 pages and the 4 page is the cited from the book please

 

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Introduction

Air

Air pollution is caused by a range of human activities, such as motor vehicle exhaust, industrial smoke, and the burning of coal and oil. It is responsible for many environmental health issues, such as aggravated asthma, and lung and heart disease. The Clean Air Act, originally introduced in 1963, and the Motor Vehicle Pollution Act of 1965 are designed to protect us from air pollution and have had to be updated many times since their inception. Although, regulations and enforcement take place on both local and national levels, most air pollution issues have global implications. As air pollution is carried by the wind, many of the effects of industrial pollution, such as acid rain are felt far away from the source.

Water

Water quality is of even greater concern to human health. Without water, humans would survive only three or four days. Although seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered with water, only one percent of that can be consumed by humans. Our water supply is jeopardized by rapid population growth, increases in municipal water consumption, global warming and drought, and increases in irrigation and pollution. Several federal statutes have been enacted to help protect our water supply. In 1972, the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act prohibited the dumping of material into the ocean that would unreasonably degrade or endanger human health or the marine environment. In 1974, the Safe Drinking Water Act was enacted to ensure the quality of drinking water in the United States. In 1990, the Oil Pollution Act began requiring oil companies to clean up oil spills.

All of these laws have helped clean up and protect our water, but we must remember that water is not an unlimited resource. The treatment plants clean and recycle water and the hydrologic cycle recycles water for reuse, but we are not creating new water. We must care for what we have. According to the EPA, “The average American family of four uses 400 gallons of water per day. On average, approximately 70 percent of that water is used indoors, with the bathroom being the largest consumer (a toilet alone can use 27 percent!)” (2014). Considering ways to cut down on water use becomes more important as the demand increases.

Land

Besides clean air and water, population and economic growth depend on the productivity of the land. Land quality differs from place to place; while soil should be a renewable resource, it can be degraded beyond reusability. Population growth and land degradation are related. Changes in farming practices have improved soil quality immensely in the U.S. because regulations have helped to make sure toxic substances are not dumped into the soil. It is essential to maintain soil quality both for food quality and to limit the potential for contaminated soil to pollute our water supply.

Waste Management

The disposal of waste is a looming problem in the country. Landfills are slowly filling up, chemicals from the breakdown of wastes have entered the soil and the water, and few steps have been taken to change the throw-away mentality of our society. According to the Duke Center for Sustainability and Commerce (2014), the average person generates 4.3 pounds of waste per day. Further, waste disposal is one of the biggest expenses in city budgets. Improper disposal causes problems with vermin and insects and pollutes surface as well as groundwater. Individuals are often unaware of the special programs for disposing of hazardous materials, so these too end up in landfills. The management of waste is a public health problem that must be addressed seriously and soon.

Polylactic Acid (PLA)

Plastics make up almost 13 percent of our municipal solid waste, with most of it coming from containers and packaging (such as drink containers, lids, and shampoo bottles) (U.S EPA, 2014). Plastic waste in our landfills and oceans has become a major issue in environmental and human health. 

Most of you have probably seen the new corn-based plastic, which is being used in more and more products such as take-out containers, water bottles, and cardboard boxes. This new plastic is made from a resin called polylactic acid (PLA). According to Ryote (2006), conventional plastic packaging requires about 200,000 barrels of oil a day in the United States. PLA is touted as the way to break away from petroleum packaging and save us from the mounting piles of plastic taking over landfills.

On the downside, PLA decomposition requires large-scale recycling. Specific microbes, specific levels of carbon dioxide and water, and specific temperature are needed. These facilities are very rare and most do not accept residential food scraps collected by municipalities. PLA causes problems for conventional plastic recyclers if it is mixed in, so they must now pay to remove it. There are also concerns that using corn in such a manner will continue to drive up food prices.

Bisphenol A (BPA)

BPA is a chemical used in the production of certain plastics. The chemical is known to leach out of plastic into foods and liquids. Critics believe BPA acts as an estrogen mimic and disrupts brain development in utero and in newborns. BPA supporters say the risks are minimal and that research has not supported the need for a ban. Canada has banned BPA in baby bottles and even tougher restrictions have been proposed by the U.S. Senate.

References

Duke Center for Sustainability and Commerce. (2014). How much do we waste daily? Retrieved from http://center.sustainability.duke.edu/resources/green-facts-consumers/how-much-do-we-waste-daily

Royte, E. (2006). Corn plastic to the rescue. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/corn-plastic-to-the-rescue-126404720/?no-ist

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2014). Indoor water use in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/WaterSense/pubs/indoor.html

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2014). Plastics. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/plastics.htm

Demonstration of Proficiency

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:

• Competency 2: Analyze the impact of contaminants in the environment to human health.
  • Examine the impact of personal choice on environmental health.
• Competency 3: Apply personal and professional decisions based upon an understanding of environmental risks.
  • Illustrate ways to reduce personal impact on the environment.
  • Explain how to encourage others to make a change in the ways they impact the environment.
• Competency 4: Communicate effectively in a variety of formats.
  • Write coherently to support a central idea in appropriate format with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics.

Preparation

Please review the resources and assessment instructions. No extra preparation is required for this assessment.

Instructions

For this assessment, in a 3–4-page report, examine the impact of your choices on the environment and consider positive changes you could implement.

Begin your report by explaining areas of your life in which your choices impact the environment. This list could be endless; choose to focus on 10 areas of impact. Then, choose five changes related to the areas you listed that you could implement in your life.

• Include at least one change relevant to each of the three main natural resources—air, water, and land (soil).
• For each of your five changes that you have chosen to examine, address the following:
  • What is the financial cost or benefit of the change?
  • What health benefits are associated with the change?
  • What are the environmental benefits of this change? How does this change promote conservation of air, water, or land?
  • What is the impact on your lifestyle if you make the change?

Finally, address the following in regard to your chosen changes overall:

• What message are you trying to convey? Highlight the main points you want to present.
• How do your personal choices affect environmental health?
• Include a reference to the information from at least two reputable sources that support your choices. What do other sources of information say about these concepts?
• Finally, explain how you could convince your friends and family that these changes are important.

Additional Requirements

Use the APA Paper Template (linked in Resources: Pollution) to format your report.

• Written Communication: Written communication should be free of errors that detract from the overall message.
• Length: This report should be 3–4 pages in content length. Include a separate title page and a separate references page.
• Font and Font Size: Times New Roman, 12-point, double-spaced. Use Microsoft Word.
• APA Formatting: Resources and in-text citations should be formatted according to the current APA style and formatting.
• Number of Resources: You are required to cite a minimum of two scholarly resources. You may conduct independent research for resources and references to support your report. Provide a reference list and in-text citations for all your resources, using APA format. You may cite texts and authors from the Resources.

 

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Introduction and Alignment

Lest you be left with the impression, after the previous two exercises, that you are learning a skill set you will never use, you are challenged in this exercise to write about how you would respond if an unexpected outbreak of disease or other health condition were to unexpectedly occur in the kind of workplace where you serve or expect to serve after earning your master’s degree.  You are expected to apply the principles learned in the previous exercise, and to avoid errors of interpretation of information in the setting you are describing.

Upon completion of this assignment, you should be able to:

• Avoid five of the most common methodologic errors and biases that would invalidate an epidemiologic study or investigation.
• Apply epidemiologic skills in your chosen area of specialization in the nursing profession.

Resources

• Textbook: Macha, K., & McDonough, J. P. (2012). Epidemiology for advanced nursing practice. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
  • Chapter 1 Epidemiology and Its Progress
  • Chapter 5 Emerging Infectious Diseases
  • Chapter 6, Screening and Prevention of Diseases
• Textbook:  Sullivan, L. M. (2018). Biostatistics in public health (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones
  • Chapter 11 Survival Analysis
• Video: Week 4 PPT Video 
• Video: Scaling up Awareness on Outbreak Investigation and Response
• MP3: Week 4 PPT Audio
• PowerPoint: Week 4 PPT
• File: Career Paper Rubric
• Website: Steps in Outbreak Investigation by Zach Moore
• Website: CDC Scientific Nomenclature
• Website: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
• Website: http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/en/
• Website: https://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson6/section2.html
• Website: https://www.shea-online.org/index.php/outbreak-investigation
• Website: https://www.fda.gov/food/recallsoutbreaksemergencies/outbreaks/ucm272351.htm

Instructions

1. Review, as needed, any of the resources linked above.
2. In a formal paper, follow the rubric found in the resources and pasted below to describe:
   1. your future career role: nurse practitioner, nurse educator, or nurse administrator, and
   2.  without repeating, yet another outbreak from history and how you would foresee functioning if a major outbreak of infectious disease affected your institution or community, including working with the media and public,
   3. apply the 10-steps of outbreak investigation, and
   4. one way in which this training in avoiding epidemiologic traps might come in handy in helping manage the outbreak.
   5. Mention at least one specific epidemiologic trap.
3. Use scholarly writing skills and APA format.
4. When you have completed your assignment, save a copy for yourself and submit a copy to your instructor using the Dropbox.

4.5 Drobpox: Future Career Goals

Assessment Criteria

Criteria

5 Points

4-3 Points

2-0 Points

Career and likely epidemiological responsibilities.

Provided clear and complete description of career role and relevancy of epidemiology.Described career role but with some ambiguities or inconsistencies.Career goal not present or had to be inferred from other comments.

Outbreaks that could realistically happen.

Accurate and detailed description of a known type of outbreak that could likely occur in the setting and uses statistics to describe its history and current trend of incidence and prevalence.Outbreak described but with inconsistencies, or as unlikely to occur in the setting. Uses statistics to describe history or trend of incidence and/or prevalence.Outbreak not described or description is entirely off base factually. Stats not used to describe the outbreak.

Function in the event of an outbreak.

Describes workable role for this professional in this outbreak, in significant detail, protection of self, staff, other patients, etc.Lacks detail, inappropriate role, or mismatched to type of outbreak. Protection described in a limited fashion.Role not described or has to be inferred from other comments. Protection not addressed.

Working with the media and public.

Describes how to educate the public, gain media cooperation, and gives a full narrative about what the public should do to protect self and others, and how to treat if affected, using language that avoids panic.Description of public or media response lacks detail, or is less than workable. Narrative to public about protecting self and others and steps to treat is sketchy.Reader cannot tell what the student intends to do about public or media response. No narrative regarding how to protect self and others.

Epidemiologic traps.

Correctly identifies one of the epidemiologic traps presented in the course, gives a correct example of it, and a workable strategy to avoid.Description of the epi trap has inconsistencies, or the plan to avoid it has flaws.Example of epi trap, if given, is not correct or unlikely to occur in the setting.

Criteria

10 Points

8-9 Points

7-5 Points

4 Points

Apply the 10 steps of outbreak investigation.

Strongly applies all of the 10 steps model, to this outbreak and incorporates disease specific information into each step.Applies most of the 10 steps model, to this outbreak and incorporates disease specific information into each step.Description of outbreak response model is inconsistent or incomplete; information is lacking.Reader cannot reasonably discern that an outbreak response model is applied.

Criteria

5 Points

4 Points

3-2 Points

1-0 Points

APA format: margins, font, etc.

Less than one correction per page.One to two corrections per page, deduction depends on seriousness of errors.Three to five corrections per page, deduction depends on seriousness of errors.Frequent corrections made; not adhering to graduate level expectations.

Grammar, tense, punctuation, noun/verb agreement sentence structure.

Less than one correction per page.One to two corrections per page, depending on seriousness of errors.Three to five corrections per page, deduction depends on seriousness of errors.Frequent corrections made; not adhering to graduate level expectations.

Total Points

5

 

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Introduction:As you work on this task, ask yourself why one form of business organization would beselected over another, particularly for a small business. What are the advantages anddisadvantages of each form?The business entity characteristics owners should consider fall into these seven categories:• Liability: What are the limits on liability and protection of not only business assets, butpersonal assets and future earning power of the owner beyond this particular business?• Income taxes: What are the features of each business entity that affect the amount offederal, state, and local income taxes paid by the business and/or owners?• Longevity or continuity of the organization: What features of each form relate to forceddissolution of the business organization?• Control: Who has ultimate control over important decisions? How much control does theowner have to grant to others?• Profit retention: What portion of the profits does the owner have to give up because theyhave to be shared with others? How does this affect return on investment?• Location: What are the implications for moving or expanding the business into a differentstate? Will a separate legal entity have to be created or new documents filed in the newstate? Are there advantages or disadvantages regarding how state taxes will beassessed?• Convenience or burden: What additional requirements or extra workload are placed uponthe organization to comply with all reporting, meeting, and other regulatoryrequirements?Given:A manufacturing business produces a variety of wood moldings, hardwood doors, high-endkitchen cabinets, and specialty cabinets and bookcases for dens, home libraries, offices, etc.The business owner has been operating as a sole proprietorship, but is thinking of changingto a different type of organization. The company has been quite profitable for its size. Profitbefore taxes for the coming year is expected to be just over $600,000.While considering this change, the owner has thought about the various functions of thebusiness operation and different types of risks and potential liability that accompany eachfunction. For instance, trained employees usually install cabinets, but when the companyhas a backlog of work, the owner must occasionally hire outside installers on asubcontractor basis. Although the company has not yet had such a problem, the owner haswondered what might happen if an installer were to make an installation error and a cabinetwere to fall off the wall and injure someone. Also, all of the delivery drivers possess licensesrequired for the trucks they drive. The owner is concerned about a delivery truck becominginvolved in an accident. In addition, the owner is concerned about a shop worker beinginjured on a saw or shaper, or a load falling off of a forklift and injuring someone.The owner is unsure what would happen with bills and other liabilities if the business wereto fail for some reason. Although the company has ample insurance, the owner has heard ofjuries awarding judgments that exceed the insurance coverage and wipe out all personalassets.The owner is planning to expand the business, both by expanding its market geographicallyand by adding a second factory in an adjoining state. To accomplish this, the owner willneed to increase the investment in capital assets. One way of obtaining funds would be tosell a share of the business to a partner, but the owner is not sure how that will impactpotential liability. Another possibility is to sell stock in the company. This way the ownermight be able to retain control of the company by having family members serve as officersin the corporation.The owner is also concerned about profit that will be shared with partners or investors, theamount of income tax each year, and continuation of the business under control of theofficers in the corporation if the owner were to die.The owner is aware of terms like S-corporation, C-corporation, LLC, and limited and generalpartnerships that describe different forms of business organizations but does not fullyunderstand the business forms.The owner has hired you to explain the advantages and disadvantages of each type oforganization compared with those for each of the other types, including the type oforganization the company is currently using. In your report to the owner, format yourresponse so that it is easy to make comparisons among the six forms of organization. Youshould use a listing approach rather than discussing several concepts in the sameparagraph.Task:A. Write a report (suggested length of 5–7 pages) about the forms of businessorganizations listed below. Your report should have a subheading for each business formwith a brief description of the business form and a brief discussion of the keycharacteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of that form of organization.1. Explain how at least six of the seven key characteristics listed in the introduction tothis task apply to each of the following organizational forms:a. Sole proprietorshipb. General partnershipc. Limited partnershipd. C-corporatione. S-corporationf. Limited liability companyB. Write a memorandum (suggested length of 1–2 pages) in which you analyze yourfindings by doing the following:1. Recommend a specific form of organization that should be used in the givensituation.2. Justify why that is the best business form for this situation.

 

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