In a particular region of the earth’s atmo-sphere, the electric field above the earth’s sur-face has been measured to be 152 N/C down-ward at an altitude of 268 m and 171.5 N/Cdownward at an altitude of 414 m.The permittivity of free space is 8.85 ×10−12 C2/N · m2.Neglecting the curvature of the earth, cal-culate the volume charge density of the at-mosphere assuming it to be uniform between268 m and 414 m.Answer in units of C/m3.

 

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In a particular species of guppy, tails can either be long or short and either feathered or straight.  A cross between a true-breeding long, feather-tailed male guppy and a true-breeding short, straight-tailed female guppy produces progeny that all have short, straight tails.a)  express the genotypes of the adults in the cross and the genotypes of all the progeny.b)  determine the phenotypic frequencies of the progeny in an F2 generation.c)  a mating between a short feather-tailed female and a short, straight-tailed male from the F1 generation produces 30 short, straight-tailed guppies; 42 short, feather-tailed guppies; 10 long, straight-tailed guppies; and 14 long, feather-tailed guppies.  Analyze the data using the chi-squared fit test to determine if the frequencies of phenotypes are what would be expected from this cross

 

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   In a pea plant, peas are either yellow or green, with yellow being the dominant color.

Use Y to represent the yellow allele and y to represent the green allele. If you cross a

plant that produces yellow peas with a plant that produces green peas and the offspring

are 50% green and 50% yellow, what must have been the genotype of the original yellow

pea plant?

 

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In a perfect world, research studies would be flawless however, that is not typically the case.  Inherently, flaws exist related to study design, how the study is conducted, and also the manner in which research is reported.  “Given that research is not perfect, users of research must learn to carefully evaluate research reports to determine their worth to practice through critical appraisal” (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2015, p. 92-93).  Factors that need to be assessed when critically appraising quantitative studies include validity, reliability and applicability (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2015).  

      The validity of a study relates to obtaining results from utilizing sound methods which are scientific.  Bias and confounding variables can compromise validity of a study.  Bias can occur at any stage of the process but while assessing the reliability of the results one must look at if the study was systematic, grounded in theory, and criteria was followed for all of the processes.  If so, then the study, more than likely, is valid and reliable.  Clinicians need the ability to interpret the results so they can implement EBP into their practice (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014).  “Whether we are interpreting the research studies of others, or designing our own, we need a good understanding of research design and an ability to recognize weaknesses in intervention studies which may reduce the reliability of study findings” (Ebbels, 2017, p. 229).      Although each factor is important to quality research, I feel the most important factor is the applicability to practice.  Having the ability to appraise research, which is evidence-based, and implement EBP interventions with our patients is essential in promoting optimal patient outcomes.    

References

Ebbels, S. H. (2017). Intervention research:  Appraising study designs, interpreting findings and creating research in clinical practice. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 19(3), 218-231. https://doi.org/https://doi-org.arbor.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/17549507.2016.1276215

LoBiondo-Wood, G., & Haber, J. (2014). Nursing research:  Methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier.

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2015). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare:  A guide to best practice (3rd ed.). Retrieved from Amazon Kindle App

 

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