I will pay for the following article What changes are to be introduced in the Ruritiania central bank law with a new currency law. The work is to be 2 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page. Task Changes to be Introduced in the Ruritiania Central Bank Law with a New Currency Law A country can decide to change or amend its currency law. This process involves the Central Bank, which conversely is mandated with various objectives and independence depending with the jurisdiction. This document seeks to identify these factors. It then goes ahead to indicate the changes expected to be introduced in the Rumania Central bank once a new currency law is in place.

Central Banks are usually mandated with distinctive objective. The European Central Bank, for example, under the Monetary Policy Treaty is given the primary objective of maintaining price stability. Policy decisions must be both anticipatory and innovative, considering all relevant information regarding the prospective evolution of prices, and guaranteeing that the final objective is realized in a timely manner (Lamfalussy, 466).

Central banks have generally had the objectives of maintaining price stability, maintaining financial stability and fostering financial development more broadly and to support the state’s financing need in times of crisis (Goodhart). The new Ruritiania Central Bank law should be provided with these operations under the new law.

Like most jurisdictions, the Monetary Policy Treaty in Europe issues the European System of Central Banks full independence to determine the appropriate level of interest rates (Lamfalussy). The years 1930 to 1960 saw government control over central banks (Goodhart). This initiated substantial economic depressions, and was deemed pragmatic. It was this negative impact that led to the independence of central banks all over the globe. The new Ruritiania currency law should provide for the independence of the Central bank if it is to be adopted to avoid encounters such as economic depressions (Giovanoli).

The new Ruritiania law provides for the net foreign exchange reserves. Under Article 5(1) of the law, it is clearly stipulated that the mandate of the central bank shall be to ensure the aggregate amount of its monetary liabilities shall not exceed the equivalent of its foreign exchange reserves. Such aggregate amount of the monetary liabilities as provided under sub-article 2 shall be the sum of all existing banknotes, coins and main units existing in any branch of the central bank, and also any credit balances of all accounts maintained on the books of the central bank and its organizational units.

Article 7 provides for dollarization, a factor that occurs when a country formally discards its own currency and adopts a more unwavering currency of another country as a legal tender with the aim of avoiding macroeconomic risks such as price instability and prolonged depressions, especially in the developing world. In most instances, countries normally tend to turn to the US Dollar (Berg, 289). The central bank is mandated to convert the currency of Ruritania into US Dollars without restriction within the Republic of Ruritania. Adopting a foreign currency as a legal tender usually entails costs and benefits, and it is upon the central bank to weigh between them (Jacome & Lonnberg, 307). Therefore, the Ruritiania new currency law should include measures that tend to weigh properly the pros and cons of dollarization before adopting it.

Articles 5(6(f)) and (7) provides for the guaranteed convertibility of the currency of Ruritania by its central bank. This includes provisions on payment by residents of countries other than the residents of Ruritania in freely convertible foreign currency. The new law should ensure control conversion of foreign currency freely. It should include regulative measures.

The Ruritiania Central Bank law should consequently be amended before it is adopted to prevent the nation from factors such as dollarization and control by the government of the central bank that might lead to economic depressions.

Works Cited

Berg, Andrew and Borensztein, Eduardo. Full Dollarization. the pros and cons. Switzerland:

International Monetary Fund, 2000. P 289.

Giovanoli, Mario, and Devos, Diego. International Monetary and Financial Law: The Global

Crisis. New York: Oxford University Press Inc, 2010. 22.56-22.72.

Goodhart, E. Bank of international settlements. the changing role of central banks.

Switzerland: BIS Press, 2010. P 197.

Lamfalussy, Alexander. Convergence and the role of the European Central Bank. Tokyo: ECB

Press, April 22, 1997. Web. October 2, 2011. P 466.

Jacome, Luis, and Lonnberg, Ake. Implementing official dollarization. Switzerland:

International Monetary Fund Press, 2010. P 307.

 

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I will pay for the following article What is Poverty, Youth Crime and Social Exclusion. The work is to be 9 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page. This has caused a very significant impact on human psychology. With the rapid advancement in the fields of science and technology, man has realized that there is much to achieve in a limited time period. This realization of man is backed up by the inborn quest for power, fame, and money. Accordingly, man is doing all that would earn him a secure future and a high social class and financial status. This combination of demand and supply has given rise to various social abnormalities that were quite less to be observed in a technologically backward world of the past. These social evils include but are not limited to the social exclusion of an individual, status consciousness, stress, anxiety, and crime. There are numerous factors that interact in a number of ways to cause the moral degradation of society in general and its youth in particular. Rather it is a chain of events that results in such a psychological setback. The following text will analyze how various social factors interact to cause the three main evils of social exclusion, poverty, and youth crime and the link between the three terms will be justified. Besides, the following text will draw a critical analysis of the way the three terms have been linked by philosophers in the past.

There is a very strong link between youth crime, poverty, and social exclusion. It would be appropriate to define the terms of social exclusion, poverty and youth crime and compare the various definitions for these terms as identified by various agencies in the past, before making an in-depth analysis of the way the three social evils are bonded together.

(Dixon and Macarov, 1998) consider the “capacity to survive” as the least requirement to measure poverty, beyond that, it is much more than just poverty. Their definition of poverty is as follows, “In its narrowest sense this may mean nothing more than having the resources to purchase or grow sufficient&nbsp.food for oneself and one’s dependants.” (Dixon and Macarov, 1998, p.4).&nbsp.

 

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I will pay for the following article Why is so much expected of soft power these days. The work is to be 12 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page. Hard power, which is characterized as coercive in nature, is usually measured by virtue of a state’s military strength.3 Hard power was once the only matrix by which a state’s power was measured. Nowadays, changes particularly with interdependence among the global community, information technologies and the rise of non-state and non-military actors such as corporations and non-governmental organizations have given expression to a more significant source of power: soft power.4 This research study analyzes the rise of soft power today and discusses why so much is expected of soft power these days. This paper is therefore divided into two main parts. The first part of this paper analyzes the theory of soft power and the second part of this paper, analyzes the rise of soft power and identifies why so much is expected of soft power these days. The Theory of Soft Power Joseph Nye, a diplomat and scholar of the 1980s, introduced the theory of soft power.5 Nye (2003) described soft power as: ..the ability to get what you want by attracting and persuading others to adopt your goals. It differs from hard power, the ability to use the carrots and sticks of economic and military might to make other follow your will.6 Soft power is more about using “credible claims” and less about “propaganda”.7 Nye explains how credible claims amount to soft power. It comes from the state’s cultural, political and policies’ appeal. When a state’s policies are viewed as “legitimate” the state’s soft power is exemplified.8 Although the US has used and continues to use the military in its war against terrorism, it has also used and continues to use soft power.9 Soft power in the US counterterrorism strategies include enhanced collection and sharing of intelligence, cooperation with other states and methods for cutting off financing for terrorists activities. The US has also described its war against international terrorism as a war that uses the US’s influence, working together with its allies in an attempt to perpetuate the idea that terrorism is unlawful and is the kind of conduct that no legitimate state would tolerate or aid.10 The US has also pledge to lend assistance and support to “moderate and modern government” particularly in Muslim states as a means of ensuring that “the conditions and ideologies that promote terrorism do not find fertile ground in any nation.”11 The US’s counterterrorism strategy also involves reducing or removing the root causes of terrorism by influencing other states to target those areas vulnerable to terrorists’ influences. The US’s specifically states its intention to use soft power in the war against terrorism by stating that it intends to use: Effective public diplomacy to promote the free flow of information and ideas to kindly the hopes and aspirations of freedom of those in societies ruled by the sponsors of global terrorism.12 Thus the US counterterrorism policies are not geared toward forcing change and cooperation. The US Counterterrorism policies are aimed at influencing and persuading a change in behaviour and thinking as a means of helping the US achieve its goal of eradicating the threat of terrorism. Aside from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the US counterterrorism strategies can be distinguished from hard power as it is not coercive in nature. Hard power would have been demonstrated by the conscious use of economic and military power as a means of influencing the decisions and options of the enemy. Hard power is distinguished from soft power in significant ways. Hard power contemplates coercive techniques that can either be actual or symbolic.

 

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I will pay for the following article Why people prefer to choose to eat low-fat food(research paper). The work is to be 10 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page. In the U.S., obesity is almost an epidemic with nearly 65% of the adult population being estimated to be either overweight or obese (Hedley et al., 2004). The rapid economic and social changes that have occurred in China and other developing countries have also been associated with changes in diet, physical activity and health. Higher fat diets, and high incidence of obesity are found among lower-income and rural Chinese as well (Wang et al., 2006). Global availability of cheap vegetable oils and fats is one of the reasons for the observed increase in fat consumption among low-income nations (Drewnowski & Popkin, 1997).

Consumption of fast food is associated with higher caloric intake and the excess calories consumed will contribute to obesity, excess sodium intake, and higher saturated fat intake as well (Lin & Frazao, http://findarticles.com). The science of nutrition has changed significantly in recent years, and information on healthy eating, wrong diet and its health effects is readily available in magazine articles. People have more access to the Internet, print media, and TV for nutrition advice than before. Information on the benefits of eating low-fat foods is easily available (www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=51537). Public health initiatives of government institutes also offer information on low-fat foods e.g., the Obesity Education Initiative of the National Heart Lung & Blood Institute in the U.S. (http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/lcal_fat.htm). College students are also becoming health-conscious and seek advice from online sources (http://askville.amazon.com/SimilarQuestions.do?req=low-fat-easy-quick-vegetarian-cookbook-college-student). Several universities too offer healthy eating tips to students online e.g., University of Oregon (http://healthed.uoregon.edu/10tips.htm).

 

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