I will pay for the following article Walmart lawsuite versus TABC. The work is to be 2 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page. Wal-Mart lawsuit versus TABC The Wal-Mart stores are fighting to be able to sell liquor in Texas stores. The bars that are in Austin are one of the very few places that allowed selling liquor in Texas. Wal-Mart stores have filed a federal lawsuit against the licensing board Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission. Now, people in Texas can go into 546 Wal-Mart and Sam’s Club outlets to buy beer and wine, but cannot purchase hard liquor (Kieler 1). There is a long-standing law in Texas that forbids the sale of hard liquor in Wal-Mart. In their federal lawsuit, Wal-Mart in their argument state that the law violates the Equal Protection, the Commerce Clause and Comity Clause of the United States Constitution. They want the violation to end to enjoy their rights. Wal-Mart says that Texas is irrationally banning them from selling hard liquor like they do in other states. The company argues this is so only because it is a publicly traded company. TABC says even if Wal-Mart could sell hard liquor in the state, the law only entitles it to do so in only five of its stores (Kieler 10). Owners of stores that pool permits together with their family members, however, have no limit to the number of permits.

Wal-Mart argues that the law creates arbitrary distinctions that are used to separate classes of retailers that have no rational difference in their selling or purpose for selling the commodity. Wal-Mart Company would also like to sell distilled spirits at its stores and Sam’s Club located in Texas for persons who want off-premises consumption (Kieler 6). The lawsuit states that the Texas law forbids public traded companies from owning a permit that one needs to sell alcohol. It is the package store permit. The public corporation class of retailers gets denied the opportunity to compete in the hard liquor department. The other class of retailers i.e. publicly traded hotel corporations and private corporations can compete without having the restrictions they are getting. There is no other state in America that permits private corporations to sell hard liquor (Kieler 8). Some of the publicly traded corporation but not all of them have a prohibition on retail sale of spirits.

There is also another issue of limiting the number of stores and outlets that should sell the liquor. Wal-Mart in their lawsuit takes up this as another issue. The company states in its lawsuit that TABC is unfair in letting other companies own the permit. Several small companies that are family owned to take advantage of the loophole that allows close family members have access to the business permits required in running a liquor store (Kieler 13). The real victims of the State’s ban on allowing them to sell hard liquor is the consumer according to Wal-Mart. Even if Wal-Mart were given the permission to obtain store permits to sell liquor, they would have to abandon its 543 beer and wine permits. It is according to the current law of Texas. The consumers are forced to pay extra for their hard liquor since the market is non-competitive and fair competition is not available because of the ban (Kieler 15). There should be free enterprise and fair competition in all types of retail sales. It should not matter whether the sale is that of hard liquor or any other legal commodity.

Work Cited

Kieler, Ashlee. Wal-Mart Sues Texas Over Law Banning Publicly Traded Companies From Selling Liquor.

 

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I will pay for the following article Week 3 exercises. The work is to be 4 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page. A long term liability is one that has to be repaid in more than 1 year. These include bonds, long term loans, debentures and other similar long term debts that the company takes from others and the repayment schedule is more than one year.

A bond is a debt instrument which is used to borrow money. The organization in need of money issues bonds (the issuer). the lender who pays money to obtain bond is called bond holder. The bond holder gets interest payments on the bond at future dates. The principal is paid at future date also. The period of the bond is predefined and is called maturity. A bond is different than stock as the bond holder does not assume any ownership right on the company as compared to stock holders unless it is a convertible bond. Bond is an example of long term liabilities.

A secured bond is one that has physical backing of an asset to ensure that bond holder’s capital is safe even if the issuer defaults on payments. This provides assurance to the lenders that their capital will be returned in case of any mishap to issuer organization. Some examples of secured bonds include mortgage bonds (which are backed by real estate) and equipment trust certificate (which are secured through company equipment).

An unsecured bond, on the other hand, is one that is not backed by any security or collateral. In case of default, the bond holder would lose the invested funds and will have no recourse. As it is apparent, the risk in unsecured bonds is higher. but then these are issued at higher interest rates to attract investors. Unsecured bonds issued by government do not carry high interest rates. This is because these bonds are backed by the government and thus the risk of failure is quite low.

A convertible bond is one that can be converted into common shares or cash, at a predefined rate.

 

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I will pay for the following article What changes are to be introduced in the Ruritiania central bank law with a new currency law. The work is to be 2 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page. Task Changes to be Introduced in the Ruritiania Central Bank Law with a New Currency Law A country can decide to change or amend its currency law. This process involves the Central Bank, which conversely is mandated with various objectives and independence depending with the jurisdiction. This document seeks to identify these factors. It then goes ahead to indicate the changes expected to be introduced in the Rumania Central bank once a new currency law is in place.

Central Banks are usually mandated with distinctive objective. The European Central Bank, for example, under the Monetary Policy Treaty is given the primary objective of maintaining price stability. Policy decisions must be both anticipatory and innovative, considering all relevant information regarding the prospective evolution of prices, and guaranteeing that the final objective is realized in a timely manner (Lamfalussy, 466).

Central banks have generally had the objectives of maintaining price stability, maintaining financial stability and fostering financial development more broadly and to support the state’s financing need in times of crisis (Goodhart). The new Ruritiania Central Bank law should be provided with these operations under the new law.

Like most jurisdictions, the Monetary Policy Treaty in Europe issues the European System of Central Banks full independence to determine the appropriate level of interest rates (Lamfalussy). The years 1930 to 1960 saw government control over central banks (Goodhart). This initiated substantial economic depressions, and was deemed pragmatic. It was this negative impact that led to the independence of central banks all over the globe. The new Ruritiania currency law should provide for the independence of the Central bank if it is to be adopted to avoid encounters such as economic depressions (Giovanoli).

The new Ruritiania law provides for the net foreign exchange reserves. Under Article 5(1) of the law, it is clearly stipulated that the mandate of the central bank shall be to ensure the aggregate amount of its monetary liabilities shall not exceed the equivalent of its foreign exchange reserves. Such aggregate amount of the monetary liabilities as provided under sub-article 2 shall be the sum of all existing banknotes, coins and main units existing in any branch of the central bank, and also any credit balances of all accounts maintained on the books of the central bank and its organizational units.

Article 7 provides for dollarization, a factor that occurs when a country formally discards its own currency and adopts a more unwavering currency of another country as a legal tender with the aim of avoiding macroeconomic risks such as price instability and prolonged depressions, especially in the developing world. In most instances, countries normally tend to turn to the US Dollar (Berg, 289). The central bank is mandated to convert the currency of Ruritania into US Dollars without restriction within the Republic of Ruritania. Adopting a foreign currency as a legal tender usually entails costs and benefits, and it is upon the central bank to weigh between them (Jacome & Lonnberg, 307). Therefore, the Ruritiania new currency law should include measures that tend to weigh properly the pros and cons of dollarization before adopting it.

Articles 5(6(f)) and (7) provides for the guaranteed convertibility of the currency of Ruritania by its central bank. This includes provisions on payment by residents of countries other than the residents of Ruritania in freely convertible foreign currency. The new law should ensure control conversion of foreign currency freely. It should include regulative measures.

The Ruritiania Central Bank law should consequently be amended before it is adopted to prevent the nation from factors such as dollarization and control by the government of the central bank that might lead to economic depressions.

Works Cited

Berg, Andrew and Borensztein, Eduardo. Full Dollarization. the pros and cons. Switzerland:

International Monetary Fund, 2000. P 289.

Giovanoli, Mario, and Devos, Diego. International Monetary and Financial Law: The Global

Crisis. New York: Oxford University Press Inc, 2010. 22.56-22.72.

Goodhart, E. Bank of international settlements. the changing role of central banks.

Switzerland: BIS Press, 2010. P 197.

Lamfalussy, Alexander. Convergence and the role of the European Central Bank. Tokyo: ECB

Press, April 22, 1997. Web. October 2, 2011. P 466.

Jacome, Luis, and Lonnberg, Ake. Implementing official dollarization. Switzerland:

International Monetary Fund Press, 2010. P 307.

 

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I will pay for the following article What is Poverty, Youth Crime and Social Exclusion. The work is to be 9 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page. This has caused a very significant impact on human psychology. With the rapid advancement in the fields of science and technology, man has realized that there is much to achieve in a limited time period. This realization of man is backed up by the inborn quest for power, fame, and money. Accordingly, man is doing all that would earn him a secure future and a high social class and financial status. This combination of demand and supply has given rise to various social abnormalities that were quite less to be observed in a technologically backward world of the past. These social evils include but are not limited to the social exclusion of an individual, status consciousness, stress, anxiety, and crime. There are numerous factors that interact in a number of ways to cause the moral degradation of society in general and its youth in particular. Rather it is a chain of events that results in such a psychological setback. The following text will analyze how various social factors interact to cause the three main evils of social exclusion, poverty, and youth crime and the link between the three terms will be justified. Besides, the following text will draw a critical analysis of the way the three terms have been linked by philosophers in the past.

There is a very strong link between youth crime, poverty, and social exclusion. It would be appropriate to define the terms of social exclusion, poverty and youth crime and compare the various definitions for these terms as identified by various agencies in the past, before making an in-depth analysis of the way the three social evils are bonded together.

(Dixon and Macarov, 1998) consider the “capacity to survive” as the least requirement to measure poverty, beyond that, it is much more than just poverty. Their definition of poverty is as follows, “In its narrowest sense this may mean nothing more than having the resources to purchase or grow sufficient&nbsp.food for oneself and one’s dependants.” (Dixon and Macarov, 1998, p.4).&nbsp.

 

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I will pay for the following article Why is so much expected of soft power these days. The work is to be 12 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page. Hard power, which is characterized as coercive in nature, is usually measured by virtue of a state’s military strength.3 Hard power was once the only matrix by which a state’s power was measured. Nowadays, changes particularly with interdependence among the global community, information technologies and the rise of non-state and non-military actors such as corporations and non-governmental organizations have given expression to a more significant source of power: soft power.4 This research study analyzes the rise of soft power today and discusses why so much is expected of soft power these days. This paper is therefore divided into two main parts. The first part of this paper analyzes the theory of soft power and the second part of this paper, analyzes the rise of soft power and identifies why so much is expected of soft power these days. The Theory of Soft Power Joseph Nye, a diplomat and scholar of the 1980s, introduced the theory of soft power.5 Nye (2003) described soft power as: ..the ability to get what you want by attracting and persuading others to adopt your goals. It differs from hard power, the ability to use the carrots and sticks of economic and military might to make other follow your will.6 Soft power is more about using “credible claims” and less about “propaganda”.7 Nye explains how credible claims amount to soft power. It comes from the state’s cultural, political and policies’ appeal. When a state’s policies are viewed as “legitimate” the state’s soft power is exemplified.8 Although the US has used and continues to use the military in its war against terrorism, it has also used and continues to use soft power.9 Soft power in the US counterterrorism strategies include enhanced collection and sharing of intelligence, cooperation with other states and methods for cutting off financing for terrorists activities. The US has also described its war against international terrorism as a war that uses the US’s influence, working together with its allies in an attempt to perpetuate the idea that terrorism is unlawful and is the kind of conduct that no legitimate state would tolerate or aid.10 The US has also pledge to lend assistance and support to “moderate and modern government” particularly in Muslim states as a means of ensuring that “the conditions and ideologies that promote terrorism do not find fertile ground in any nation.”11 The US’s counterterrorism strategy also involves reducing or removing the root causes of terrorism by influencing other states to target those areas vulnerable to terrorists’ influences. The US’s specifically states its intention to use soft power in the war against terrorism by stating that it intends to use: Effective public diplomacy to promote the free flow of information and ideas to kindly the hopes and aspirations of freedom of those in societies ruled by the sponsors of global terrorism.12 Thus the US counterterrorism policies are not geared toward forcing change and cooperation. The US Counterterrorism policies are aimed at influencing and persuading a change in behaviour and thinking as a means of helping the US achieve its goal of eradicating the threat of terrorism. Aside from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the US counterterrorism strategies can be distinguished from hard power as it is not coercive in nature. Hard power would have been demonstrated by the conscious use of economic and military power as a means of influencing the decisions and options of the enemy. Hard power is distinguished from soft power in significant ways. Hard power contemplates coercive techniques that can either be actual or symbolic.

 

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