Hi, need to submit a 3000 words paper on the topic Problems with the Channel Tunnel Project. This paper discusses that the Channel Tunnel project represents one of the greatest engineering feats executed in the twentieth century. The tunnel project connects England and France through a railway link that exists in the ground layer under water. This project effectively reduced the dependency on the English Channel as a means of transportation between England and France. Moreover, this project can be seen as laying the basis for larger and longer tunnel projects that might one day even connect the Atlantic. On the business front, the Channel Tunnel project represents one of the largest privately funded projects ever undertaken. The project relied on the cooperation between two governments, several bankers providing the funding and several contractors along with numerous regulatory agencies. As mentioned before, the engineering aspects of the tunnel and its railway traffic represented new unbroken ground. This in itself represented new challenges as the Channel Tunnel forced engineers to do what was previously seen as impossible. As the Channel Tunnel project proceeded, several major and myriad minor changes had to be undertaken to make the project a success. The Channel Tunnel project represented something that had never been done before so the challenges confronting all teams on all fronts were new and required innovation to be dealt with successfully. Later changes in the structure of the project also mandated some large changes. Finally, as the Channel Tunnel project was commissioned, it was found that the project was both over budget and late. A number of complex factors and situations were responsible for creating delays and overruns through the life of the project. This text will attempt to analyse the complex factors that were responsible for these delays and overruns while also suggesting solutions that could be implemented in the future to avoid similar problems. These factors will be looked at in detail from the perspective of the planning and implementation phases that represent the greatest project management problems. 2. Problems with the Channel Tunnel Project 2.1. Planning Issues The initial planning phase demarcated that the Channel Project was to provide a fixed transportation system that connected England and France. This new transportation connection was expected to spur economic growth and development. In addition, the Channel Project was expected to aid the integration of Britain with mainland Europe in order to improve European trade. Moreover, the tunnel between England and France was expected to provide cheaper alternatives to more expensive modes of transportation such as shipping and air transport. The railway system envisioned for the purpose was also better in that it was a high-speed system when compared to both shipping and air transport. Although working for the Channel Tunnel had been on going in the seventies but the real concrete measures came through in 1984. The British and French governments agreed to common proposals for safety, security and environmental concerns before the project was opened up for bidding. Both governments in 1985 requested the first proposals for the Channel Project. A number of proposals were submitted for the Channel Project. After an evaluation from both the British and French sides, the proposal submitted by Channel Tunnel Group / FranceManche (later Eurotunnel) was accepted. The initial proposal delineated a 32-mile double rail tunnel that was to accommodate passenger trains as well as cargo trains and a special truck and car carrying shuttle service. The initial bid price was set at some $5.5 billion for the entire project. 2.2. Shortage of Time for Planning The initial proposals were submitted in a short period and this in turn led to many oversights that could have been avoided by detailed studies. When put in a project management perspective, it could be surmised that high-level design estimates along with rough order of magnitude estimates could have led to better estimates as to the total scope and cost of the project.

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Hi, need to submit a 3000 words paper on the topic The representation of black in fashion. The step by the vogue magazine caused a phenomenal demand in Britain and the United States and made the Conde Nast Company sold more than four hundred thousand extra copies. The step is a cultural watershed in fashion and has world recognition. “Racial prejudice in the fashion industry has for a long time persisted because of tokenism and color biasness” said the fashion designer of vogue magazine industry (Giacobello, 2003:74). The fashioner designer of vogue said they had decided to take the black women and girls in order to have the right look and change monotony in the western magazines. He dismissed the claim that laziness, paranoia, and pedantry was a common phenomenon among the black women.

The chosen Africans were to dress in African-inspired clothes. This gave them the minority look in the model as well as made them attractive to the western view. It also encouraged African culture. One common trend of fashion that came out clear was that, fashion loves change, however, it can change nothing itself. Fashion can detect or reflect changes in an aura. However, the question remains to be what changes fashion. The issue of blacks in the world’s models has drawn an attention in countries like the United States and now the country’s models and designers are wondering whether they should include black models in competitions or not. This makes the fashion industry and black representation story very interesting to learn and follow (Synder, 2009:12). The very vital questions revolving around the fashion industry that am going to base on are. the role of fashion industry in promoting an anorexic-like slimness for the modern day women in the western counties, the case of race and ethnicity in the fashion industry, evolution and black representation.

From the Italian designers the fashion trend is diminishing from the era of race discrimination.

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Hi, need to submit a 3000 words paper on the topic Theories of Punishment. These will include retribution, deterrence, social control theory, humanitarian theory, contract theory, benefits and burdens theory, victim-oriented theory, rehabilitation, expression theories as well as just deserts theory. Introduction Punishment is an institution but not actions. It entails certain standards of conducts and involves an authoritative process aimed at generating these standards of conduct. In addition, punishment entails an authoritative process of resolutions to enforce sanctions, and certain aspects of practical control over resources of particular persons. Moreover, punishment does not necessarily entail imposing harm on someone who has committed a crime. It goes beyond the mere inflicting of harm to include an assertion to a particular kind of institutional authority, even when the family is such an institution. To impose punishment on an individual entails asserting assert a right and recognizing a compulsion to punish anyone likewise circumstanced and behaved, even though that other individual were only a sibling. In addition, punishment is never the secluded act of a person, rather, it entails acting an officer or agent taking part in a system for implementing an authoritatively propagated standard (Binder, 2002). Several theories offer the moral justification of punishment. In this regard, there are heated debates entailing different ways of describing the moral standpoint of punishment. The problem of how and when the state should impose punishment on an individual turns to the question of how and when certain individuals should punish other individuals (Binder, 2002). The contemporary debate of theories of punishment circulates utterly around two differing positions of the punishment theory. On one hand is the assertion of retribution, which deems that punishment to an individual should only occur when it is evident that the person concerned warrants to undergo suffering for the damage he inflicted. On the other hand, the other position is the deterrence of utilitarian assertion, which deems that punishing an offender is significant since it helps to prevent prospective crimes in the society. This means that punishing a criminal would deter future crimes. The former assertion takes offenders separately, in that it centers on the ethical standing of the individual offender in relation to his act. Conversely, the latter conceals the individual in goodwill of the society and establishes the legality of the decision to in relation to its social welfare effects (Finkelstein, 2011). Utilitarianism and punishment The principle of utilitarianism in the concept of punishment asserts that the judgment of communal or social aspects ought to occur with regard to the extent to which they advance collective satisfaction. In addition, the theory asserts that there should be consideration of the fulfillments and displeasures that a particular course of action generates in each affected individual. The suitable policy is that which prompts fulfillment, in view of the number of affected individuals. In addition, this policy will depend on both the concentration and extent of fulfillment or displeasure for each individual. In addition, the proponents of this principle assert that the determination of the justification and use of punishment should occur in line with the principle of utility. This principle also asserts that punishment is an evil since it inflicts harm or displeasure to those punished. In this regard, the principle claims that the imposition of punishment should only occur when it is evident that it can bring about other greater fulfillments (Hirsch, 1992).

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Hi, need to submit a 3250 words essay on the topic Automobile firm FORD.

The rise in taxes in recent years has meant that petrol cars pay more VED. Companies have to take into account other laws such as new car warranties and the laws under the EU treaty such as those regarding location and block exemption.

The market is oligopolistic. Ford has a high market share in 3 categories of cars. However, international competition, especially from BRIC countries, is a threat. The Ford brand has lost its appeal to the masses and is now termed as an old brand. In the market, there are high barriers to entry from financial constraints and regulatory requirements. There is threat of substitutes from environment-friendly cars. Backward integration diminishes the power of suppliers. Customers have high bargaining power in this durable goods industry. The future strategies of Ford Motors should be focused on slashing prices, improving brand image and technological innovation.

The automobile industry is perhaps an industry that has suffered the most in the current global economic crisis situation. Burdened by the lack of consumer credit and cutbacks in household expenditures, this durable goods industry has had to endure setback in sales growth. Furthermore, the credit crunch has meant that the companies have found hard to draw capital from the pockets of investors. Oil price hikes and increase in credit costs pulled up the costs of manufacturing and put the giant manufacturers in the same league as small manufacturers with regard to problems faced. Companies like Chrysler have had to cut back on production in order to trim their inventories and reduce cost. Revill (2008) reports that Ford will reduce production at its Southampton factory in southern England in 2011 to 35,000 units, less than half of the 75,000 the factory built in 2007.

Despite this, the automotive industry has done quite well. According to Auto Industry (2007), in 2006, 1.4 million cars and 208,000 commercial vehicles were produced in the UK. SMMT (2009) reports

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Hi, need to submit a 3250 words essay on the topic Competitive Environment/Position of Aditya Birla Group at the Business and Corporate Levels.

This research will begin with the statement that Aditya Birla Group operates as a Multinational Corporation (MNC) headquartered in Worli, Mumbai, India. Seth Shiv Narayan Birla instigated the company’s business in the year 1857, by trading cotton in Rajasthan. Consequently, in the year 1919, Ghanshyam Das Birla, who is considered as the founding father of the company, expanded its business, as he began setting up industries in various sectors such as textiles, chemicals, cement, fiber, and aluminum. In the year 1969, Aditya Birla, the former chairman of the company globalized its business establishing 19 companies in other nations Soon after the demise of Aditya Birla, his son Kumar Mangalam Birla came in charge of the company and helped the group in achieving new heights. Presently, the company’s annual turnover amounts to USD 40 billion with a workforce of 136,000 employees who belong from diverse nations. In addition, it could be viewed that more than 50% of the company’s income flows for the overseas market. Presently, the company operates in 36 different nations and has become a powerhouse for producing metal and aluminum products. The company, in its home nation India, is one of the largest apparel brands also recognized as the largest producer and exporter of viscose filament yarn. Besides, it is one of the leading companies in life insurance policies and asset management in India. The company’s supermarket chain for retail trade is one of the largest in the country being the largest producer of linen fabric. Additionally, the company has become socially responsible and has gone beyond its business wherein it has taken the initiative of providing high-quality education to underprivileged children along with establishing health care facilities in numerous villages. In this paper, certain strategic options will be provided that would help the company to meet its business challenges in the coming future and achieve a competitive advantage thereon.

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