Hi, need to submit a 1000 words essay on the topic Personality Theories and Assessment Psychology.

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1) Psychoanalytic theory According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, defence mechanisms are the processes in which individuals reach solutions in order to reduce apprehension and anxiety (Frick, 1991). Repression relates to preventing unconscious thoughts from entering the conscious mind. An earlier experience of sexual molestation may be repressed by an individual in later life. Regression is the reversion on an earlier stage of development due to undesirable impulses. A teenager may resume bed wetting after experiencing stress or clinical depression. Displacement is the mechanism where individual conveys aggressive and sexual urges to a substitute object or person. An example is hitting a dog after a frustrating day at work. Sublimation is the diversion of negative inclinations usually sexual in nature to more positive actions like artistic work. One could become involved in cancer charity work after the death of a loved one due to cancer. Reaction formation implies that individuals substitute their unconscious negative thoughts and impulses with something directly opposite to the impulses. A religious person might harbor gay tendencies but deny this and become a fierce critic of homosexuality. Projection entails the displacement and attribution of undesirable thoughts to other people, or in rare cases to animals or inanimate objects. An employee may dislike the boss where projection occurs when the employee refuses to acknowledge this by saying, where after a mistake in the workplace that the boss dislikes the employee. Rationalization is the process involving forming opinions and explanations on the occurrence of certain things by not acknowledging the truth. After failing a driving tests many times, one may rationalize by that the price of gasoline is high, and cars are expensive to maintain. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory provides a robust framework for understanding the relevance of early behavioural patterns in influencing personality development. The theory assumes that defense mechanisms are critical in understanding the personality types of behaviour. Personality is the result of early childhood experiences, and subsequent defense mechanisms to deal with negative impulses. Despite the popularity of Freud’s theory there are various criticisms, firstly the theory ignores the impact of adaptation and interpersonal relations on personality. Thus, it only assumes that personality is mainly shaped at earlier stages of life. In addition, it lays much emphasis on early occurrences while ignores the inner destructive impulses. The theory cannot be tested empirically. hence, their scientific impact is also difficult to evaluate. B) Social cognitive theory Under external locus of control, people believe that their destiny depends on external factors beyond their immediate control. Thus, under this theory people are likely to avoid difficult tasks if they think that they may not achieve the desired results (Ayers, et al, 2007). An example would be where one may believe that failure in business is because the economy is in poor shape while ignoring their incompetence. Internal locus of control focuses on the ability to shape the destiny from the surroundings through actions and behavior. The level of motivation is thus high since there is a belief that they control their own destiny. Challenges are motivating factors among people in this group to readily accept failure or success from their part.

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Hi, need to submit a 1000 words essay on the topic Poverty in Guatemala.

In 2012, only eleven point percent of the taxes reached the Central Bank. Of the 215 countries ranked in the CIA World Fact Book, the collected GDO is at position two hundred and four. However, the problem does not have any relations with too low value-added tax or income, but the inefficiency from government authorities and corrupt public servants.

Now that majority of the population surive in informal economy makes it easy for the tax collector to hide behind little collection. The informal sector means that a bigger proportion of the population does not have formal businesses and formal jobs therefore. they do not operate with registered licences. Based on this, the tax authorities cannot levy taxes on them. Registered businesses also have the tendency of evading tax adding to the complication. Comparatively, Honduras, an immediate neighbour to Guatemala spends 15.8% of the GDP after collection, Kenya. a country in Africa collects and spends 18.4 % of its GDP, and Germany, an economic powerhouse spends 40.6% of the GDP (Zakaria 36). In other case studies, Mexico spends 29.7%, South Africa 26. 8%, Costa Rica 21%, and Canada 32.3% of its GDP. Data collected from economic sources shows a hitherto correlation (positive) between the proportion of GDP channelled through government spending and the standards of living of a country.

Good public services and infrastructure explain factors behind established business activity. Senior economists from the World Bank hold that the economy of Guatemala continues to with typical support from private consumption. However, they also hold that the rate of investment is on a steady decline with little progress in the rate of productivity. Normally, lack of or minimal productivity affects the incomes for workers negatively. The growth rate of the country’s GDP is less impressive taking into account demographic trends of the country. While the population continues to grow at an average of 1.9%, the

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Hi, need to submit a 1000 words essay on the topic Procter & Gamble in Japan.

1. Proctor & Gamble during the 1970’s and 1980’s utilized a centralized marketing approach in which the US headquarters had full control of the marketing initiatives both in the United States and abroad. The company felt that this strategy was more effective because it provided a simple method that could be transferred elsewhere which provided savings and helped the company achieved benefits associated with economies of scale. The reality of this strategy in Japan was that the company was not doing poorly in this international market. The company by 1985 after being established in Japan for 13 years was losing nearly $40 million a year (Hill, 2007). Along with the obvious monetary losses the disadvantages of the centralized marketing strategy in Japan was that the company was not able to fully meet the consumer needs. The culture of Japan and the consumer taste were much different than in the United States. The strategy was inflexible and did not provide room for the necessary changes based on market research and consumer trends.

&nbsp.2. After years of struggling in the Japanese market with various products after 1990, the company decided a new approach. It created products based on the specific cultural profile Japan. A product that was introducing utilizing this new decentralized marketing approach was Joy detergent. The country-specific research showed that the Japanese people were changing their cooking habits towards the higher volume of fried foods which meant that the people needed a product that was more powerful cleaning up grease dishes. The company also considered other key stakeholders in its design in the process in order to ensure success. The packaging of the product was tailored made to ensure supermarkets and other stores could maximize its shelf space. The strategy provided many benefits for the company, but there were some drawbacks.

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Hi, need to submit a 1000 words essay on the topic Proposal for Organizational Learning Issues.

All these analysis will enable in determining the appropriate solution to the organizational learning. A detailed analysis and research about the various mystifications and the alternative OLM is subject to make.

It is essential to determine the talent management strategies for the organization before any decision-making process. It will ensure that organization being transmitted to learning organization. After the action, the review is discussed to ensure that organizational learning is successful and in identifying the area of improvement. Technology based training is the most suitable form of training in achieving the learning organization objective.

Mystification in the organizational learning is created mainly by the diversity or multiplicity in the viewpoints. It is difficult in obtaining conceptual clarity. It clearly indicates the complexities and multidimensional phenomenon. Treating organization like people (anthropomorphizing) that is to treat the organization as a human in learning and it is creating more trouble (Lipshitz, Friedman, & Popper, 2006, p.7). Accordingly, it is subject to assume that the organization is capable of learning from them. However, no clear details exist about the transition from individual learning to organizational learning, and it carries more complexities.

Chic and Mystique includes various concepts like the double loop system, mental models, system thinking, dialog, reflection, absorptive capacity, etc. (Lipshitz, Friedman, & Popper, 2006, p.12). It has created a reified in the organizational learning. There false refrains in distinguishing the organization that learn and that does not. Next is the active mystification accordingly organizations are considered to be more spiritual rather than being instrumental (Lipshitz, Friedman, & Popper, 2006, p.13). Mystification plays the significant role that creates some glimpse by which organizational learning was not subject to accomplish

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Hi, need to submit a 1000 words essay on the topic Prospects for mobility.

On the contrary, measuring incorporation by convergence to the mean is not an accurate and fair measure. This is because, basing on convergence to the mean as the principal mobility measure, results to an incomplete portrait of the incorporation process. Hence, the dire need for an alternative way to measure incorporation.

For purposes of reaching a complete assessment, there is need to measure the extent to which intergenerational process is demonstrated by the immigrant groups. For instance, checking the extent to which the immigrants’ descendants goes beyond the socioeconomic status measures of the generation of their parents. A good illustration is that of the second-generation Filipinos. These generations possesses significant low levels of education and achievements occupationally in comparison to their parents. Nevertheless, their socioeconomic status attainment levels are equal to those of non-Latinos whites and extremely higher with regards to those of the American adult citizens. Even though they are heading in a downward direction with reference to the first generation, Filipino second-generation accrues some benefits from the high levels of human capital exceptionally from their parents. However, the Mexicans second-generation demonstrates high education levels and occupational attainment in comparison to those parents who arrived with low socioeconomic status levels that has become extremely difficult to drop. Given the fact that Mexican’s second generations are achieving an upward mobility with reference to their parents, they still lag behind in the American population mean. On the other hand, whereas the second-generation to the Filipinos have acquired a convergence high degrees to the native-born mean, Mexican second generation have achieved intergenerational mobility highest degree that is based on social

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