1)
Policies are written documents that mirror the administrators of a particular organization. In this case, the organizations are healthcare organizations such as hospitals and clinics. With healthcare informatics becoming such a big part of healthcare organizations, policies are being made to keep patients and staff safe. Healthcare informatics policy is directed at making care more effective, improving public health, and proper collection and analyzation of data to guide evidence-based practice. Since policies are reflections of administrations, they can change based on the direction a healthcare organization is heading or what their focus may be (Hebda, Hunter, Czar, 2019). For example, if a hospital is having an increase in medication administration errors, then their policy may focus on scanning all patients and medications prior to administration.
One of the biggest concerns of healthcare informatics is the privacy and protection of important patient information and policies on informatics have been aimed at reducing the risk of the security of that information being breached. Hospitals have policies such as not putting patient identifiers in emails, logging out of electronic health records once leaving the patients room, education on phishing emails, creating firewalls, having backup storages for patient information, audit trails for and specialized access for private charts. There are also policies on the recovery and retrieval of healthcare information in case of unplanned disasters. The AMIA identified six key health informatics policies: patient empowerment, HIT safety, workforce education, data sharing, quality measurement, and public health (Simpson, 2012).
The impact these policies have made on informatics have been steps in the right direction due to the importance and protection they place on informatics. They allow us to safely use informatics for better patient outcomes. Telehealth is also fairly new has new policies arising too. For example, at our hospital we use telephysch medicine for psychiatric patients in the emergency department. One of our policies is that all of our psychiatric patients must be assessed by a telepsychiatrist and their recommendation must be upheld regarding 51/50 holds. Using telemedicine in place in person consultations at hospitals that do not have in house specialties improves patient care because it saves time and money for both the patient and hospital. It is especially effective for time sensitive cases such as patients with stroke like symptoms in deciding whether or not to use TPA because instead of having to wait for a neurologist to arrive, the neurologist is able to instantly assess the patient via computer video chat and receive expert consults.
References
Hebda, T., Hunter, K. M., & Czar, P. (2019). Handbook of informatics for nurses and healthcare professionals. NY, NY: Pearson.
Simpson RL. (2002). Nursing informatics. Issues in telemedicine: why is policy still light-years behind technology? Nursing Administration Quarterly, 26(4), 81–84. Retrieved from https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=c8h&AN=106956521&site=ehost-live
2)
With the rise in communicable disease, possible threats of bioterrorism, and other chronic illnesses, informatics and public health policies go hand in hand. Data collection and analyzation through interoperability systems can provide so much information that can help the entire population nationally. “Public health informatics (PIH) is considered to be one of the most useful systems in addressing disease surveillance, epidemics, natural disasters, and bioterrorism” (Aziz, 2017, p. 79). The government is essentially in control of public health decisions and determines which polices and guidelines will be enacted to abide by national standards. Public health information systems will depend on available resources and budget.
Currently, data collection comes from multiple different sources including, surveys, facilities, surveillance systems, and data collection systems such as health information exchange (HIE) and health information organization (HIO) (Aziz, 2017). Hospitals and clinics are often mandated to report specific patient information, which can aid in disease prevention and management. Although all this data collection aids in PHI, “nonclinical data sources can help assist in identifying public health trends as well” (Hebda, Hunter, & Czar, 2019, p. 426).
Surveillance systems collect patient data, which is then interpreted and analyzed to look for specific patterns and trends in diseases and injuries. This research can then provide insight on ways to possibly prevent or mitigate damage from the illness. Syndromic surveillance system is a specific system that “collects symptoms and clinical features of an undiagnosed disease or health event in near real time that might indicate the early stages of an outbreak or bioterrorism attack” (Aziz, 2017, p. 78). This information could then be conveyed to all national health officials. HIE and HIO can also provide pertinent information to the appropriate source, in the event of a natural disaster, where paper documents may get destroyed. This would be beneficial to PHI as well.
According to Aziz, the newest development in PHI is “geographic information system (GIS), which uses digitized maps from satellites or aerial photography to provide large volumes of data” (p. 78). This also helps provide nonclinical data such as location and spatial patterns. Another benefit for PHI and data collection is the advance of telemedicine/telehealth services. These services will hopefully be able to provide direct patient data, via smart devices. So many benefits exist with PHI that could provide information pertaining to vaccines, cancer, communicable disease, and the emergence of new diseases. This data would allow healthcare officials to determine if there is a possible correlation between patient location, diet regimen, or any other possible link between the patient and the illness.
PHI plays a pivotal role in the health and well being of all individuals. Funding and adequate resources need to be applied to the PHI specialty in order for it to prosper and gain support in the profession. Data collection, along with education, are imperative to the management and prevention of disease and possible threats.
References
Aziz, H.A. (2017). A review of the role of public health informatics in healthcare. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 12(1), 78-81. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com
Hebda, T., Hunter, K., & Czar, P. (2019). Handbook of informatics for nurses and healthcare professionals (6th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
200 words for each response
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Responding 19217583
/in Uncategorized /by developer1)
For my final assignment I have chosen to talk about how hackers have gained access to hospital computer software and manipulated systems. This trend has the ability to place patients at harm. The best way to prevent these kind of attacks is to educate our healthcare professionals on what to look for.
‘To solve these problems, there are many levels of technology, such as cryptography technology, network security technology and so on.”(Ming, Chen, Guo, 2019). Cryptography is the art of writing or solving codes. Network security technology is also another way to prevent hackers from manipulating systems. Healthcare professionals also have a responsibility in detecting possible computer hackers as well. Upon employment, employers are educated on not opening suspicious emails that maybe an attempt for hackers to gain access into computer software. Healthcare employers who use screens and monitors in their field of work, also need to be educated on how to recognize when software has been manipulated. For example, areas of care that use monitors for diagnosing purposes need to be able to decipher actual patient data from manipulated data possibly shown on screens and monitors.
Other ways to prevent software attacks are to keep computer software updated frequently. Companies and organizations should invest in the latest computer security programs. Never use open wi-fi on a computer router, always update your password frequently and create a password that does not involve birthdays or any significant events in your life that will be easy to figure out, and do not wander on websites that are not allowed by the organization.
Preventing computer hackers is the responsibility of everyone in an organization. On going computer education training is a must in order to prevent computer hackers and software malfunctions.
2)
I selected to do my final assignment on universal electronic health records. I would say there is a lot of misconception out there regarding these records and just the terminology that a lot of caregivers use interchangeably. Before this course I thought the electronic medical record and the electronic health record to be virtually the same. I know differently now and the way I find it easiest to remember is that the electronic medical record is basically a digital version of the paper chart. It contains basic past medical history and is held and collected in an office or medical organization. The electronic health record is an oversight of the whole health of a patient. It goes wherever the patient goes and can be shared by healthcare providers. An all-inclusive patient record has more benefits for sicker patients that will hopefully improve outcomes.
The first part of training of electronic medical records would be the security aspect of sharing data electronically. This would be ongoing annual training as well as training updates for employee’s that might have a breach of confidently. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 set forth rules and regulations to protect medical records and other health information that could identify an individual. The penalties for known violation of HIPAA can be processed criminally. A fine can be imposed up to $50.000 dollars and up to one year and jail according to an article in Hospital Access Management (2018). This in my opinion is much worse than just losing your job.
The actual training would be required on the version of the electronic record itself that is currently being used in the organization where you might be employed. This subject is very current with me at present due to being thirty days out from our EPIC conversion. Training on EPIC modules has been ongoing over the last five weeks. There have been zero tolerance measures for tardiness and cell phone disruption. The first day of training 7 people that were not quite in the door were turned away with two of those being physicians. That information spread quickly across the hospital that the trainers meant what they said about being on time.
After the completion of the modules with the trainers from EPIC ongoing practice as well as system update training will be required to stay current with the records. Super Users have been selected from all departments that will help with training as well as when new employees are hired. The use of any electronic record is a better value purchase for an organization when people are trained properly. When users are aware of the information that they can pull out for reporting purposes and use the system at a high functioning level it is beneficial for all.
200 words each
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Responding 19223943
/in Uncategorized /by developer1)
We all have experienced a system failure in our nursing careers. I can’t begin to describe the feeling of coming in to work only to be told “systems down”. Every time I heard those sweet words, I wanted to use a personal day. But this also the time that I am reminded that nurses rely on technology about 90% of the work day. I’ve worked at two different hospitals and each of them do things differently prior to the system going down. Both hospitals use downtime slips when the computers are not work. Nurses are still able to request lab work, use of prescription pads, and order, administer medication. I guess paper charting will never be a thing of the past. One of the hospitals did something a little different, it requires that nurses use paper charting daily alongside EMR. I thought this was a great idea, it keeps the nurses familiar with paper charting so when computers are not assessable patients can still be cared for without much delay. Also, those nurses wouldn’t be scrambling to gather information. My current organization uses downtime slips, this can hectic for some new nurses who are not familiar with paper charting. Although the hospital has backup generators, downtime slips are required to continue care until systems are back up operating. Patients can always be taken care of via paper charting. This practice went on for years before computer charting. For some of the older nurses this is a well-known and preferred method. Caring for the patient is still the number one priority, information can still be obtained and updated by the patient daily and each department is responsible for keeping charts on patients with services provided so that quality care is given until computer systems are up and running. I think the recommendation would be first to Start by creating an outline that delegates workflow in such an event, including selecting an individual whose main job is to inform staff that the system is down and what patients are most affected by it. It’s great if you have a backup plan in place, but it won’t do you any good if the plan itself doesn’t work. Like a fire drill, have trial runs every so often to ensure that your backup plan will, in fact, pull through for you if your EMR happens to fail.
Suggest staff keep paper charting on most recent task performed regarding patients. Information such as recent vitals and current medications with administration times, and allergies should be readily available. In case of an emergency this type of documentation must be known to avoid further harm. I think in the end working together in this stressful time will be the key in maintaining patient safety.
2)
Natural disasters happen all the time across the country of the United States and beyond the borders such as floods, tornadoes, hurricanes, and earthquakes. Hospital administrators need to have emergency plans in place to help counteract the chaos, and all staff needs training on how to react in such weather conditions. According to Horahan, Morchel, Raheem, and Stevens (2014), the National Planning Framework mentions there are five mission areas of preparedness: prevention, protection, mitigation, response, and recovery. As indicated by Memorial Hermann Hospital System (2017), several policies and procedures are listed on their website about the action plan of the failure of utility systems, the problem I have found is that many of our medical-surgical units at my campus have never received any training on how to complete the downtime forms and it expected of us. The access to electronic health records would not be available during such conditions and staff will need to know what steps to take.
Power outages can cause the staff to have meltdowns if not correctly prepared on what to do in such emergencies without access to computers. Clinicians need to be careful when taking the patient’s medical history, recording allergies, medications, and any recent procedures they may have had that cannot be accessed online. Pharmacy orders, diagnostic tests, and lab orders will need to be called in, or hand delivered because of no electricity.
The staff needs to have training on what to do in case of such disasters because they too will need to stay calm themselves to keep patients and families calm during an emergency event. My unit has an emergency kit filled with downtime forms, batteries, and flashlights. I think adding a two-way radio would be beneficial to keep in touch with the house supervisor for updates and information. I have requested the need for training to my manager and director, and they both said they would try to incorporate training at our next staff meeting for everyone to understand how to use the downtime forms and what to do in an emergency. My campus has backup generators that will turn on after ten seconds of no power is detected, and according to the maintenance personnel, they are checked every six months. There are red outlets throughout the patient care areas that critical medical equipment can be plugged into during power outages for continuous patient care. Quarterly emergency or downtime drills should be conducted regularly to keep staff trained on what to do and how to fill out the downtime forms and be aware of what to do for continuous patient care. Improvising with portable trailers or mobile satellite systems in the parking lot of hospital or somewhere safe may be an option.
Horahan, K., Morchel, H., Raheem, M., & Stevens, L. (2014). Electronic health records access during a disaster. Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, 5(3). Retrieved from doi:10.5210/ojphi.v5i3.4826
Memorial Hermann. (2017). Failure of utility systems. Memorial Hermann Hospital System. Retrieved from https://policytech.mhhs.org/dotNet/documents/?docid=32268
200 words each
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Responding 19230531
/in Uncategorized /by developer1)
Policies are written documents that mirror the administrators of a particular organization. In this case, the organizations are healthcare organizations such as hospitals and clinics. With healthcare informatics becoming such a big part of healthcare organizations, policies are being made to keep patients and staff safe. Healthcare informatics policy is directed at making care more effective, improving public health, and proper collection and analyzation of data to guide evidence-based practice. Since policies are reflections of administrations, they can change based on the direction a healthcare organization is heading or what their focus may be (Hebda, Hunter, Czar, 2019). For example, if a hospital is having an increase in medication administration errors, then their policy may focus on scanning all patients and medications prior to administration.
One of the biggest concerns of healthcare informatics is the privacy and protection of important patient information and policies on informatics have been aimed at reducing the risk of the security of that information being breached. Hospitals have policies such as not putting patient identifiers in emails, logging out of electronic health records once leaving the patients room, education on phishing emails, creating firewalls, having backup storages for patient information, audit trails for and specialized access for private charts. There are also policies on the recovery and retrieval of healthcare information in case of unplanned disasters. The AMIA identified six key health informatics policies: patient empowerment, HIT safety, workforce education, data sharing, quality measurement, and public health (Simpson, 2012).
The impact these policies have made on informatics have been steps in the right direction due to the importance and protection they place on informatics. They allow us to safely use informatics for better patient outcomes. Telehealth is also fairly new has new policies arising too. For example, at our hospital we use telephysch medicine for psychiatric patients in the emergency department. One of our policies is that all of our psychiatric patients must be assessed by a telepsychiatrist and their recommendation must be upheld regarding 51/50 holds. Using telemedicine in place in person consultations at hospitals that do not have in house specialties improves patient care because it saves time and money for both the patient and hospital. It is especially effective for time sensitive cases such as patients with stroke like symptoms in deciding whether or not to use TPA because instead of having to wait for a neurologist to arrive, the neurologist is able to instantly assess the patient via computer video chat and receive expert consults.
References
Hebda, T., Hunter, K. M., & Czar, P. (2019). Handbook of informatics for nurses and healthcare professionals. NY, NY: Pearson.
Simpson RL. (2002). Nursing informatics. Issues in telemedicine: why is policy still light-years behind technology? Nursing Administration Quarterly, 26(4), 81–84. Retrieved from https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=c8h&AN=106956521&site=ehost-live
2)
With the rise in communicable disease, possible threats of bioterrorism, and other chronic illnesses, informatics and public health policies go hand in hand. Data collection and analyzation through interoperability systems can provide so much information that can help the entire population nationally. “Public health informatics (PIH) is considered to be one of the most useful systems in addressing disease surveillance, epidemics, natural disasters, and bioterrorism” (Aziz, 2017, p. 79). The government is essentially in control of public health decisions and determines which polices and guidelines will be enacted to abide by national standards. Public health information systems will depend on available resources and budget.
Currently, data collection comes from multiple different sources including, surveys, facilities, surveillance systems, and data collection systems such as health information exchange (HIE) and health information organization (HIO) (Aziz, 2017). Hospitals and clinics are often mandated to report specific patient information, which can aid in disease prevention and management. Although all this data collection aids in PHI, “nonclinical data sources can help assist in identifying public health trends as well” (Hebda, Hunter, & Czar, 2019, p. 426).
Surveillance systems collect patient data, which is then interpreted and analyzed to look for specific patterns and trends in diseases and injuries. This research can then provide insight on ways to possibly prevent or mitigate damage from the illness. Syndromic surveillance system is a specific system that “collects symptoms and clinical features of an undiagnosed disease or health event in near real time that might indicate the early stages of an outbreak or bioterrorism attack” (Aziz, 2017, p. 78). This information could then be conveyed to all national health officials. HIE and HIO can also provide pertinent information to the appropriate source, in the event of a natural disaster, where paper documents may get destroyed. This would be beneficial to PHI as well.
According to Aziz, the newest development in PHI is “geographic information system (GIS), which uses digitized maps from satellites or aerial photography to provide large volumes of data” (p. 78). This also helps provide nonclinical data such as location and spatial patterns. Another benefit for PHI and data collection is the advance of telemedicine/telehealth services. These services will hopefully be able to provide direct patient data, via smart devices. So many benefits exist with PHI that could provide information pertaining to vaccines, cancer, communicable disease, and the emergence of new diseases. This data would allow healthcare officials to determine if there is a possible correlation between patient location, diet regimen, or any other possible link between the patient and the illness.
PHI plays a pivotal role in the health and well being of all individuals. Funding and adequate resources need to be applied to the PHI specialty in order for it to prosper and gain support in the profession. Data collection, along with education, are imperative to the management and prevention of disease and possible threats.
References
Aziz, H.A. (2017). A review of the role of public health informatics in healthcare. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 12(1), 78-81. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com
Hebda, T., Hunter, K., & Czar, P. (2019). Handbook of informatics for nurses and healthcare professionals (6th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
200 words for each response
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Responding 19238441
/in Uncategorized /by developerRespond to each one 200 words
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Responding 19372281
/in Uncategorized /by developerResponse for classmate 1 and 2. 200 words for each
Working in the healthcare settings, we come across many different people from different backgrounds, races, and living situation. The philosophy of any public space is the equality and standard way of thinking and feeling about others, but in reality, these differences could often cause tension and/or stress during the interaction of two people. When I come across a patient around my age group, I find that I speak to them as if they were a friend, often using slang and other gestures as I would with friends outside of the workplace. In contrast, with older adults I tend to speak a bit slower and professional due to the age difference. Being a 27-year-old Intensive Care RN, often times older patients initially feel as if my age will affect their care in a negative way because they relate young with inexperienced, therefore the tone and word choice are changed in order to instill confidence thru proper communication. The difference in gender can also have its changes of personality during a patient interaction. Being a male, I tend to talk to the guys a bit more straight forward and not so much emphasis on emotion, while with females, I tend to be more compassionate and understanding of their situation. As for the other factors that make a difference in people, race, sextual preference, living situation, that does not play a factor during patient communication as those are not important to me, instead I may feel the urge to ask more questions to get to know them and their culture or preferences if their difference interest me.
While growing up, the Latin culture has great respect for older adults. A young family member is always expected to take care of their older family members, especially the older females. Grandma’s, Aunt’s, and Mom are always the first to have priority in any situation, starting with the eldest one. The older males in the Latin culture are not left out behind, but typically are carefree to many situations, just wanting everyone to be happy regardless of where they stand. When I was about 5 years old in 1997, the respect for adults was already instilled in me. Always making sure that adults are respected and listened to what they asked of me. In 2007 I was 16, and things started changing, I would be able to challenge adults’ questions and figure out why things are the way that they are; this was a rebellious stage, but I was just trying to figure out why. Fast forward from the rebellious stage, 2011 I was 20 years old, and now had the knowledge as to why adults did what they did, and I understood the meaning behind it. The older adults in the family would now see me as an adult, and although the respect continued as such, I was now an adult as well with my own opinion and choice, regardless of their input.
The way we act and treat others is highly influenced by the upbringing that we have experienced as children, in my opinion, and therefore it is especially important for me to continue what I have been taught as a child, in the workplace, and continue the line of respect with those that surround me. In 2017, my niece was born, and now I find myself also educating her in what is acceptable and not acceptable in our eyes, to continue the same respect and behavior towards other, with her. For us, it doesn’t matter what color you are, which gender you like, where you live, which car you drive, which gender you are, what matters to us is the quality of person you are in the world and how you treat those that surround you.
2.
find myself to be most comfortable working with older adults between the ages of 70-85. As a nurse I have really only worked with the geriatric population. I work at a hospital in Arizona that is close to many different retirement communities. Our hospital’s average patient age is 74. This makes working with younger patients little more uncomfortable for me. I wonder if it is because younger patients are generally not as used to being in the hospital and I worry about not being able to calm their fears.
Cultures that are very different than mine also make me a little uncomfortable to communicate with them. I worry that I will offend the patient with something like eye contact. I work with a lot of Navajo patients. At first, I was nervous to work with Navajo patients because I did not know a whole lot about their culture, but as I have learned and worked with the Navajo, I have felt more comfortable being able to effectively communicate with them.
I had a patient from India and was nervous to be working with them for the same reason. This patient was one of the most kind hearted people I have ever met. By the time she was ready to be discharged I had learned a lot about her culture and enjoyed getting to know her.
I do not feel uncomfortable communicating with other races, I feel more uncomfortable communicating with cultures that are different than mine. I think it is more that I am worried about possibly offending someone because of my own culture’s customs, and I can be unaware of other culture’s customs.
Communicating with someone of a different living situation is generally pretty easy for me as well. I have lived in communities that have a lot of diversity and that has helped me to understand the different living situations that people have.
One thing I have recognized is that as a nurse, we work with so many different people. Everyone at some point in their life is going to need medical attention, and a nurse will be there to take care of them. As nurses we have to learn how to communicate with people who are very different from us and learn to adapt to the many different cultures and personalities we work with.
When I was growing up, many of my experiences with how older adults are treated is mostly with respect. However, I also felt like older adults were seen as to be a burden on the family. I grew up learning that it may be best for older adults to be in an assisted living place. It has been found that many adult children are around the age of 60 or 70 when they are taking care of their 90-year-old parent (Graham, 2018, p. 1). According to Graham (2018) Caregiving at the age of 60 or 70 can be very hard on the body and adds extra mental and physical stress (p. 1). I am not sure if having older adults in an assisted living is the best place for older adults, but I am interested in learning more about this topic this week.
Reference:
Graham, J. (2018, August 23). A late-life surprise: Taking care of frail, aging parents. Retrieved
from https://khn.org/news/a-late-life-surprise-taking-care-of-frail-aging-parents/.
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Responding 19381029
/in Uncategorized /by developerTwo separate responses 200 words each
I find myself to be most comfortable working with older adults between the ages of 70-85. As a nurse I have really only worked with the geriatric population. I work at a hospital in Arizona that is close to many different retirement communities. Our hospital’s average patient age is 74. This makes working with younger patients little more uncomfortable for me. I wonder if it is because younger patients are generally not as used to being in the hospital and I worry about not being able to calm their fears.
Cultures that are very different than mine also make me a little uncomfortable to communicate with them. I worry that I will offend the patient with something like eye contact. I work with a lot of Navajo patients. At first, I was nervous to work with Navajo patients because I did not know a whole lot about their culture, but as I have learned and worked with the Navajo, I have felt more comfortable being able to effectively communicate with them.
I had a patient from India and was nervous to be working with them for the same reason. This patient was one of the most kind hearted people I have ever met. By the time she was ready to be discharged I had learned a lot about her culture and enjoyed getting to know her.
I do not feel uncomfortable communicating with other races, I feel more uncomfortable communicating with cultures that are different than mine. I think it is more that I am worried about possibly offending someone because of my own culture’s customs, and I can be unaware of other culture’s customs.
Communicating with someone of a different living situation is generally pretty easy for me as well. I have lived in communities that have a lot of diversity and that has helped me to understand the different living situations that people have.
One thing I have recognized is that as a nurse, we work with so many different people. Everyone at some point in their life is going to need medical attention, and a nurse will be there to take care of them. As nurses we have to learn how to communicate with people who are very different from us and learn to adapt to the many different cultures and personalities we work with.
When I was growing up, many of my experiences with how older adults are treated is mostly with respect. However, I also felt like older adults were seen as to be a burden on the family. I grew up learning that it may be best for older adults to be in an assisted living place. It has been found that many adult children are around the age of 60 or 70 when they are taking care of their 90-year-old parent (Graham, 2018, p. 1). According to Graham (2018) Caregiving at the age of 60 or 70 can be very hard on the body and adds extra mental and physical stress (p. 1). I am not sure if having older adults in an assisted living is the best place for older adults, but I am interested in learning more about this topic this week.
Reference:
Graham, J. (2018, August 23). A late-life surprise: Taking care of frail, aging parents. Retrieved
from https://khn.org/news/a-late-life-surprise-taking-care-of-frail-aging-parents/.
2)
Working in the healthcare settings, we come across many different people from different backgrounds, races, and living situation. The philosophy of any public space is the equality and standard way of thinking and feeling about others, but in reality, these differences could often cause tension and/or stress during the interaction of two people. When I come across a patient around my age group, I find that I speak to them as if they were a friend, often using slang and other gestures as I would with friends outside of the workplace. In contrast, with older adults I tend to speak a bit slower and professional due to the age difference. Being a 27-year-old Intensive Care RN, often times older patients initially feel as if my age will affect their care in a negative way because they relate young with inexperienced, therefore the tone and word choice are changed in order to instill confidence thru proper communication. The difference in gender can also have its changes of personality during a patient interaction. Being a male, I tend to talk to the guys a bit more straight forward and not so much emphasis on emotion, while with females, I tend to be more compassionate and understanding of their situation. As for the other factors that make a difference in people, race, sextual preference, living situation, that does not play a factor during patient communication as those are not important to me, instead I may feel the urge to ask more questions to get to know them and their culture or preferences if their difference interest me.
While growing up, the Latin culture has great respect for older adults. A young family member is always expected to take care of their older family members, especially the older females. Grandma’s, Aunt’s, and Mom are always the first to have priority in any situation, starting with the eldest one. The older males in the Latin culture are not left out behind, but typically are carefree to many situations, just wanting everyone to be happy regardless of where they stand. When I was about 5 years old in 1997, the respect for adults was already instilled in me. Always making sure that adults are respected and listened to what they asked of me. In 2007 I was 16, and things started changing, I would be able to challenge adults’ questions and figure out why things are the way that they are; this was a rebellious stage, but I was just trying to figure out why. Fast forward from the rebellious stage, 2011 I was 20 years old, and now had the knowledge as to why adults did what they did, and I understood the meaning behind it. The older adults in the family would now see me as an adult, and although the respect continued as such, I was now an adult as well with my own opinion and choice, regardless of their input.
The way we act and treat others is highly influenced by the upbringing that we have experienced as children, in my opinion, and therefore it is especially important for me to continue what I have been taught as a child, in the workplace, and continue the line of respect with those that surround me. In 2017, my niece was born, and now I find myself also educating her in what is acceptable and not acceptable in our eyes, to continue the same respect and behavior towards other, with her. For us, it doesn’t matter what color you are, which gender you like, where you live, which car you drive, which gender you are, what matters to us is the quality of person you are in the world and how you treat those that surround you.
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Responding 19384123
/in Uncategorized /by developerA life review is a phenomenon widely reported as occurring during near-death experiences, in which a person rapidly sees much or the totality of their life history. It is often referred to by people having experienced this phenomenon as having their life “flash before their eyes”. Life review therapy involves adults referring to their past to achieve a sense of peace or empowerment about their lives. While life review therapy isn’t for everyone, there are certain groups of people it may benefit. This type of therapy can help put life in perspective and even reveal important memories about friends and loved ones. Therapists center life review therapy around life themes or by looking back on certain time periods. These include childhood, parenthood, becoming a grandparent, or working years. Teachers often ask their students to conduct life reviews with older adults or loved ones. Students may wish to record, write, or videotape these sessions for sharing purposes in the future. There can be benefits for families when their loved one participates in life review therapy. The family may learn things they never knew before. Saving these memories through video, audio, or writing can be a treasured piece of family history. Therapists also use life review therapy to treat depression in older adults. And a doctor may use life review therapy to accompany other medical treatments, such as medications to reduce anxiety or depression. Life review therapy can promote improved self-esteem. People may not realize the significance of their accomplishments—from raising children to being the first person in their family to earn a college degree. Reminiscence in skilled hands may be a useful adjunct when caring for older individuals. The individual may benefit psychologically from a feeling of increased self-esteem and control. Staff must clearly establish a modality in which to utilize reminiscence; goals must be set. Problems that may result from uncovering certain memories must be carefully dealt with and may even require the assistance of a skilled psychotherapist. Additional research is necessary to improve our understanding of this potentially useful international tool.
2.
A life review is a phenomenon widely reported as occurring during near-death experiences, in which a person rapidly sees much or the totality of their life history. It is often referred to by people having experienced this phenomenon as having their life “flash before their eyes”. Life review therapy involves adults referring to their past to achieve a sense of peace or empowerment about their lives. While life review therapy isn’t for everyone, there are certain groups of people it may benefit. This type of therapy can help put life in perspective and even reveal important memories about friends and loved ones. Therapists center life review therapy around life themes or by looking back on certain time periods. These include childhood, parenthood, becoming a grandparent, or working years. Teachers often ask their students to conduct life reviews with older adults or loved ones. Students may wish to record, write, or videotape these sessions for sharing purposes in the future. There can be benefits for families when their loved one participates in life review therapy. The family may learn things they never knew before. Saving these memories through video, audio, or writing can be a treasured piece of family history. Therapists also use life review therapy to treat depression in older adults. And a doctor may use life review therapy to accompany other medical treatments, such as medications to reduce anxiety or depression. Life review therapy can promote improved self-esteem. People may not realize the significance of their accomplishments—from raising children to being the first person in their family to earn a college degree. Reminiscence in skilled hands may be a useful adjunct when caring for older individuals. The individual may benefit psychologically from a feeling of increased self-esteem and control. Staff must clearly establish a modality in which to utilize reminiscence; goals must be set. Problems that may result from uncovering certain memories must be carefully dealt with and may even require the assistance of a skilled psychotherapist. Additional research is necessary to improve our understanding of this potentially useful international tool.
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Responding 19397899
/in Uncategorized /by developer200 words for each response.
1)
Social Determinants and Disease Development
Social determinants of health are conditions in which a person is born in to – social, economic and physical conditions to include resources and daily needs, biases, crime and violence statistics, community support, availability of sending and receiving communication, education quality and community, etc., each impacts an individuals daily activities, health, wellness and evidence of disease. Individual behaviors will also support or not, the chain of events that lead to health or illness. Although many circumstances may prevent wellness, it is up to the individual how these circumstances will impact their life.
Chain of Infection
The chain of infection is comprised of six units; the infectious agent or the germ; the reservoir or where the pathogen lives; portal of exit, why and how the infectious agent exits it reservoir; mode of transmission, how it is passed on; portal of entry, how the infectious agent enters its new host; and the susceptible host which can be any person or animal.
How the Community Health Nurse Can Break the Chain of Infection
Community nurses and education are at the center of breaking communicable disease processes from spreading, surveillance of and prevention. In order to stop the infectious agent from spreading it is imperative to break the link of transmission. Hand hygiene, vaccination, prevention of spreading an organism could include education on the importance of covering your cough or sneeze, isolate the person or persons infected, use of personal protective equipment when indicated, especially in healthcare settings, utilizing antibiotics wisely. At home and beyond, maintain and clean your home especially the high use areas such as countertops, faucets, light switches, bathroom surfaces, keyboards or cell phones, doorknobs or the steering wheel of your car. In grocery stores, utilize the antiseptic wipes to wipe down cart handles, etc. If you find yourself or a loved one as a patient in a hospital or clinic setting, speak up, call out anyone who enters your room to utilize hand sanitizers prior to engaging in your care. All are ways to break the link and to prevent spread of infectious agents.
Improve community knowledge and information of possible outbreaks and the steps needed to contain the infectious agent. Through collaboration with local healthcare professionals, social media or television, provide hyperlinks to public health forums or available telephone numbers for social support services. Community health nurses need to be well informed and educated in surveillance statistics of their local area in order to break the chain of infection.
References
Clark, M. J. (2015). Population and community health nursing (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson
Chapter 3
Infection Prevention and You. Break the Chain of Infection. Retrieved from (professional.site.
apic.org)
Prevention by Breaking the Chain of Infection. Retrieved from (cdn.ps.emap.com)
Social Determinants of Health. Retrieved from (healthypeople.org)
2)
Social determinants of health can be connected with a person’s culture. The way that a person’s culture views healthy habits can impact their health. Social determinants of health can be defined as conditions that people are born and function in (Healthy People 2020, n.d.). Some examples of social determinants are the availability to meet daily needs (Healthy People 2020, n.d.). This means that a person access to healthy food, health care, safe housing, social support, etc. (Healthy People 2020, n.d.). I believe that social determinants of health can have a major development to disease. When someone has access to clean water, air, and food it can make a difference in the spread of disease. Florence Nightingale believed in this theory as well and made sure that soldiers had access to clean water, air, and food. Nightingale found that 10 times more soldiers died of “filth disease” than died of bullets (Markel, 2017). Nightingale believed that the reason so many soldiers died was because of the filthy conditions that they were living in. These soldiers did not have access to clean conditions during the war, if these soldiers were born in these conditions, I am sure that they would find that many of them would be sick throughout their life.
The chain of infection is how infection is spread from person to person. The reservoir is where the infection normally lives and grows (Centers for Disease Control, n.d.). These reservoirs can be environmental, human, or animal. Next in the chain is the portal of exit. This is how the infection leaves a host. A mode of transmission is how a pathogen is spread from host to host (CDC, n.d.). A portal of entry is how the infectious agent enters a host (CDC, n.d.). The final link is to have a susceptible host (CDC, n.d.). The Center for Disease Control (n.d.) suggests that preventing the spread of infection can be done by protecting the portal of entry, increasing a host’s defenses, and finally by eliminating at transmission. A community health nurse can help break this chain by studying the different parts of the chain of infection and how to adequately stop the spread of infection. If a nurse wants to break a link in the transmission, they can protect the way that the infection is spread. For instance, when at the hospital and a patient has an infection with a disease that can be spread by direct contact, we make sure to dress in gloves and a gown to make sure that we are protecting ourselves from the spread of disease. If someone in the community has an airborne disease like tuberculosis, the community health nurse can prevent the spread of infection by making sure the infected person does not leave their house.
Reference:
Centers for disease Control. (n.d.). Principles of epidemiology | Lesson 1 – Section 10. Retrieved
from https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section10.html.
Healthy People 2020. (n.d.). Social determinants of health. Retrieved from
https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-of-health.
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Responding 19408287
/in Uncategorized /by developer200 words for each response
1)
The mission of the schools in the local area system that was investigated is to promote the health and wellness for the students and their families, their staff, and the community. The county schools believe that the nurses should be committed to providing comprehensive, quality health care to students using a systematic approach to identify and meet the dynamic health needs of all students including chronic health conditions, disabilities, and those with acute and emergency care situation (Maryland Department of Health, 2019). The professional school nurse is an important member of the multidisciplinary school team and collaborates with other disciplines to enhance the academic success of students. The school nurse promotes improvement of children’s health, removes barriers to learning, and improves overall potential for academic success. Parents are encouraged to contact their child’s school nurse to discuss any health related needs. Some of the schools in the county have Wellness Centers where the center provides care that minimizes the physical and emotional conditions that become barriers to optimal school performance. The goal is to make students available for learning by promoting health, preventing disease, and reducing behavioral risks.
One existing condition that the schools deal with is sickle cell disease (SCD). Children with SCD are more susceptible to infection. Infection is the most common cause of death in children with SCD (Maryland Department of Health, 2019). Most children with SCD are vaccinated against infectious organisms and generally use prophylactic measures to decrease risk of infections. Fevers should be taken seriously for a child with SCD. Other health complications include chronic pain, stroke, vision problems, progressive organ damage, acute chest syndrome, priapism, pulmonary hypertension, and anemia. Although people of all races and ethnicity can have SCD, in the United States SCD is most common among persons of African descent. The condition is also common among persons of Hispanic, Mediterranean, Caribbean, and Asian descent. There are various types of SCD ranging from mild to severe. Each individual with SCD may have a different clinical presentation; therefore students may have individualize care plans. The school nurse is always the leader of the school health services team. Some students with SCD may have a designated school case manager to coordinate his or her Individualized Educational Plan (IEP). The school nurse also serves as the liaison and advocate for the student. The school nurse may also refer the student and or family for counseling, support groups, and medical care. Moreover, the county has school-wide awareness and education regarding SCD management for school staff. Awareness and education may include, but is not limited to: definition and types of SCD; effective SCD management principles; symptoms of a SCD crises to report to the school nurse; student’s emergency care plan/protocol; student’s emergency plans and protocols for substitutes including teacher, school health staff, transportation, coaches, and food services; necessary and approved accommodations during school or school-sponsored activities; confidentiality protections; disability awareness needed in classroom; student’s IEP; and education for school visitors or volunteers with student contact, as necessary per local policy (Maryland Department of Health, 2019). It is recommended that school staff awareness and education is completed annually and whenever a student’s condition and care changes.
Reference
Maryland Department of Health. (2019). Management of sickle cell in schools. Retrieved from https://www.sicklecelldisease.org/files/sites/181/2019/06/SickleCellDiseaseGuidelines-1.pdf
2)
I looked into a major school district in my area and found that the schools in my area have a nurse assigned to each school. The school nurse helps students with chronic illnesses like type one diabetes manage their illness. The school nurse also watches out for children with communicable diseases and decides to send them home if they have diarrhea, vomiting, fever, or a deep cough. Parents are also instructed to not send their kids to school if they have a communicable disease or lice. The school district policy is that children must be 24 hours being symptom-free before they can return to school. The school nurse cannot give medications that are prescribed three times a day at school unless the doctor says that medication during school hours. The school nurse will not give narcotics or any form of cannabis even with a doctor’s order. The school nurse will also provide hearing screenings in preschool, kindergarten, grades 1, 2, 6, and 9. The school nurse also will screen vision screenings during the same year as the hearing test. Another screening that the school nurse does is scream for scoliosis when kids are in sixth and seventh grades. The school nurse also makes sure that students are up to date on their vaccines in order to be entered into the school.
The school nurse helps promote Health by helping students who have chronic diseases manage their health. The school nurse also promotes health by sending kids home that show signs of a communicable disease and prevents communicable disease spread by making sure students are up-to-date on their vaccinations. Doing a quick screening for hearing, vision, and scoliosis will also ensure that all parents are aware if their child needs to see a provider for these medical conditions.
The Center for Disease Control [CDC] (2019) explains that school health services can promote health for students by providing acute and emergency care, care coordination, chronic disease management, and family engagement. The school nurse can help with acute or emergency care if a student is in a medical crisis like a seizure. The nurse can also respond if a violent crime were to happen on campus. The school nurse will coordinate health care with families, health care providers, administration, and teachers (CDC, 2019). The school nurse will work with students with chronic conditions by helping to manage their condition for example like helping children with glucose checks and providing insulin. The school nurse can also help engage families of students by giving parents health status updates and giving students extra dietary and physical considerations (CDC, 2019).
Reference:
Centers for Disease Control. (2019, May 29). School health services. Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/schoolhealthservices.htm.
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Responding 19416989
/in Uncategorized /by developer200 words for each response
1)
The LGBT, which stand for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender group have come a long way to be accepted and treated equal. In the past, they were mostly discriminated against for deviating from the traditional gender expectations but over the past decades, they have progressed towards achieving the same equality that those who only have opposite sex attractions face. They go through life sometimes without being accepted by their family and the community in which they live in. Even though this present society is more enlightened of the LGBT group and are now accepted and given equal rights in most states, their years of discrimination still prevents them from feeling safe and protected in their community. All these discrimination behaviors have caused an increase in the rates of psychiatric disorder, suicide, substance abuse in the LGBT group (Manzer , O’Sullivan & Doucet, 2018)
Despite the importance of protecting people from discrimination in the healthcare setting, there has been many stories reported in the media about how some people of the LGBT community have been unfairly treated and discriminated by healthcare professionals. They mostly delay seeking for medical treatments because of past experience such as having some healthcare providers blatantly refusing to care for them because they go against their beliefs, some have actually received less than optimum care because of their sexual orientation, and having to deal with some healthcare workers judgmental attitudes towards them. LGBT community continuous to encounter barriers to accessing health care mainly because of their reluctance to disclose their sexual or gender identity when receiving medical care; they are mostly reluctant to disclose their sexual and gender identity when receiving medical care. The reasons sometimes being fear of homophobic reactions, confidentiality concerns, past negative experiences with providers and fear of stigmatization. Also, there are always insufficient number of providers that are competent in dealing with their issues, having structural barriers that impede access to health insurance and limiting medical decision rights for the LGBT and their partners and having lack of culturally appropriate prevention services (Manzer, O’Sullivan & Doucet, 2018)
Fear of stigmatization also prevent most of the LGBT people avoid seeking medical health for fear of stigmatization or maybe because of negative experience they have had. They sometimes fail to identify themselves as being in the LGBT group because they are scared that the healthcare professionals might be homophobic.To help promote the use of healthcare for the LGBT people, practitioners will need to improve awareness and take the necessary steps into creating an open, non-hostile environment. There has to be more community outreach and education to help attain optimum health care for this population (Manzer , O’Sullivan & Doucet, 2018).
References
Manzer, D., O’Sullivan, L. F. & Doucet, S. (2018). Myths, misunderstandings, and missing information: Experiences of nurse practitioners providing primary care to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender patients. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality. 27(2), 157-170.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fewjm.172.6.403
2)
According to Healthy People (n.d.) research shows that people who identify as LGBT are unable to have access to health care because of things like discrimination, stigma, and denial of their rights. Because of LGBT discrimination has been shown that bars and clubs were often seen is the only place where LGBT individuals could get together safely, this created alcohol abuse problems within the LGBT community (Healthy People, n.d.). Many LGBT populations are shown to have high rates of alcohol, drugs, and tobacco use (Healthy People, n.d.). Lesbians are also less likely to get preventative services for cancer (Healthy People, n.d.). Not being screened for cancer shows that the LGBT community indeed does not use healthcare services.
I think biological factor could be that a transgender person does not feel comfortable seeking health care for fear of discrimination and fear of not being taken seriously by healthcare practitioners. Another biological factor maybe that gay men and transgender people are at a higher risk for HIV and other STDs (Healthy People, n.d.). This can contribute to the LGBT community needing more help services but for fear of discrimination not pursuing them. A psychological factor into not using healthcare services could be fear of discrimination from the healthcare provider. Many transgender individuals have also been shown to have mental health issues and a high level of victimization both can contribute to transgender people not seeking medical advice (Healthy People, n.d.). Transgender individuals are also shown to be less likely to have health insurance than heterosexual or LGB individuals (Healthy People, n.d.). Not having insurance can be from societal factors like discrimination in employment and health insurance benefits. Environmental factors could be that there is lack of laws protecting against bullying LGBT individuals in schools (Healthy People, n.d.). Bullying can cause further psychological trauma that can contribute to mental illness. Socio-cultural factors may be that many health care providers in the United States are not knowledgeable or culturally competent in LGBT health matters (Healthy People, n.d.). Behavioral factors that can contribute to LGBT seeking health care are that many LGBT people have mental health issues that can prevent them from asking for help from health care providers.
Researching for this discussion post was very interesting as I learned about how much discrimination and oppression affects LGBT individuals. I have always thought that in this day and age, discrimination would not happen very often. I could see how people may not agree with LGBT individuals and may have their own personal bias and treat LGBT people differently.
Reference:
Healthy People. (n.d.) “Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health.” Healthy People 2020, Retrieved from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-health.
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