1. Question : What is the final stage of the infectious process?

2. Question : Where in the respiratory tract do the majority of foreign objects aspirated by children finally lodge?

3. Question : What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?

4. Question : Which statement concerning benign tumors is true?

5. Question : Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot to relieve hypoxic spells?

6. Question : Which cytokines initiate the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

7. Question : Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can occur if the mother:

8. Question : Decreased lung compliance means that the lungs are demonstrating which characteristic?

9. Question : Which statement concerning exotoxins is true?

10. Question : What is the ratio of coronary capillaries to cardiac muscle cells?

11. Question : How high does the plasma glucose have to be before the threshold for glucose is achieved?

12. Question : What is the chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?

13. Question : Perceived stress elicits an emotional, anticipatory response that begins where?

14. Question : Causes of hyperkalemia include:

15. Question : Between which months of age does sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) most often occur?

16. Question : What is the fundamental physiologic manifestation of anemia?

17. Question : What is the life span of platelets (in days)?

18. Question : What part of the kidney controls renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and renin secretion?

19. Question : An infant has a loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur and systolic thrill that can be detected at the left lower sternal border that radiates to the neck. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect?

20. Question : The coronary ostia are located in the:

21. Question : The only surface inside the nephron where cells are covered with microvilli to increase the reabsorptive surface area is called the:

22. Question : The drug heparin acts in hemostasis by which processes?

23. Question : Which immunoglobulin (Ig) is present in childhood asthma?

24. Question : Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is associated with which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

25. Question : Which organ is stimulated during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

26. Question : Which congenital heart defects occur in trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and Down syndrome?

27. Question : What substance stimulates renal hydroxylation in the process of producing vitamin D?

28. Question : Which term is used to identify the movement of gas and air into and out of the lungs?

29. Question : Where are antibodies produced?

30. Question : What is the most common cause of insufficient erythropoiesis in children?

31. Question : In a normal, nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a:

32. Question : Which manifestations of vasoocclusive crisis are associated with sickle cell disease (SCD) in infants?

33. Question : What is the life span of an erythrocyte (in days)?

34. Question : Which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced ability to form new muscle while appearing highly disorganized?

35. Question : Which hepatitis virus is known to be sexually transmitted?

36. Question : What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?

37. Question : What is the action of urodilatin?

38. Question : Erythrocyte life span of less than 120 days, ineffective bone marrow response to erythropoietin, and altered iron metabolism describe the pathophysiologic characteristics of which type of anemia?

39. Question : The function of the foramen ovale in a fetus allows what to occur?

40. Question : What is the most abundant class of plasma protein?

41. Question : When a patient has small, vesicular lesions that last between 10 and 20 days, which sexually transmitted infection is suspected?

42. Question : During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated?

43. Question : What effect do natriuretic peptides have during heart failure when the heart dilates?

44. Question : Blood vessels of the kidneys are innervated by the:

45. Question : What is the first stage in the infectious process?

46. Question : Which drug may be prescribed orally for outbreak management of herpes simplex viral (HSV) infections?

47. Question : What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia (IDA)?

48. Question : Causes of hyperkalemia include:

49. Question : A person with type O blood is considered to be the universal blood donor because type O blood contains which of the following?

50. Question : Which type of antibody is involved in type I hypersensitivity reaction?

51. Question : Which cardiac chamber has the thinnest wall and why?

52. Question : Which criterion is used to confirm a diagnosis of asthma in an 8-year-old child?

53. Question : The lung is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system via which nerve?

54. Question : The generation of clonal diversity occurs primarily during which phase of life?

55. Question : What is the role of collagen in the clotting process?

56. Question : What physical sign is the result of turbulent blood flow through a vessel?

57. Question : The most common site of metastasis for a patient diagnosed with prostate cancer is which location?

58. Question : What is the direct action of atrial natriuretic hormone?

59. Question : Continuous increases in left ventricular filing pressures result in which disorder?

60. Question : Phagocytosis involves neutrophils actively attacking, engulfing, and destroying which microorganisms?

• Posted: 2 years ago

NR 507 Midterm Exam (Version 7 Solutions)

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1. Question: The coronary ostia are located in the: 

2. Question: Which manifestations of vasoocclusive crisis are associated with sickle cell disease (SCD) in infants?

3. Question: Decreased lung compliance means that the lungs are demonstrating which characteristic?

4. Question: What is the life span of an erythrocyte (in days)?

5. Question: Infants are most susceptible to significant losses in total body water because of an infant’s: 

6. Question: Causes of hyperkalemia include: 

7. Question: Erythrocyte life span of less than 120 days, ineffective bone marrow response to erythropoietin, and altered iron metabolism describe the pathophysiologic characteristics of which type of anemia?

8. Question: The lung is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system via which nerve?

9. Question: When an individual aspirates food particles, where would the nurse expect to hear decreased or absent breath sounds?

10. Question: Which T-lymphocyte phenotype is the key determinant of childhood asthma?

11. Question: What is the final stage of the infectious process?

12. Question: How is most of the oxygen in the blood transported?

13. Question: When a patient has small, vesicular lesions that last between 10 and 20 days, which sexually transmitted infection is suspected?

14. Question: An individual is more susceptible to infections of mucous membranes when he or she has a seriously low level of which immunoglobulin antibody?

15. Question: Which congenital heart defects occur in trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and Down syndrome?

16. Question: What is the functional unit of the kidney called?

17. Question: Which of the following is classified as a megaloblastic anemia?

18. Question: What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis (CF)?

19. Question: The only surface inside the nephron where cells are covered with microvilli to increase the reabsorptive surface area is called the: 

20. Question: Between which months of age does sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) most often occur?

21. Question: What is the primary site for uncomplicated local gonococci infections in men?

22. Question: Which organism is a common sexually transmitted bacterial infection?

23. Question: The drug heparin acts in hemostasis by which processes?

24. Question: What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?

25. Question: An infant has a loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur and systolic thrill that can be detected at the left lower sternal border that radiates to the neck. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect?

26. Question: Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can occur if the mother: 

27. Question: Blood vessels of the kidneys are innervated by the: 

28. Question: What is the most common cause of insufficient erythropoiesis in children?

29. Question: If the sinoatrial (SA) node fails, then at what rate (depolarizations per minute) can the atrioventricular (AV) node depolarize?

30. Question: Hypersensitivity is best defined as a(an): 

31. Question: Which criterion is used to confirm a diagnosis of asthma in an 8-year-old child?

32. Question: How is most carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood transported?

33. Question: When the bladder accumulates 250 to 300 ml of urine, it contracts and the internal urethral sphincter relaxes through activation of the spinal reflex arc (known as the micturition reflex).

34. Question: Which cells have phagocytic properties similar to monocytes and contract like smooth muscles cells, thereby influencing the glomerular filtration rate?

35. Question: Which statement best describes a Schilling test?

36. Question: Fetal hematopoiesis occurs in which structure?

37. Question: Which disorder results in decreased erythrocytes and platelets with changes in leukocytes and has clinical manifestations of pallor, fatigue, petechiae, purpura, bleeding, and fever?

38. Question: What is the life span of platelets (in days)?

39. Question: What is the ratio of coronary capillaries to cardiac muscle cells?

40. Question: Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen?

41. Question: The most common site of metastasis for a patient diagnosed with prostate cancer is which location?

42. Question: During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated?

43. Question: In which primary immune deficiency is there a partial-to-complete absence of T-cell immunity?

44. Question: Innervation of the bladder and internal urethral sphincter is supplied by which nerves?

45. Question: What effects do exercise and body position have on renal blood flow?

46. Question: Which blood cell type is elevated at birth but decreases to adult levels during the first year of life?

47. Question: It has been determined that a tumor is in stage 2. What is the meaning of this finding?

48. Question: Research supports the premise that exercise has a probable impact on reducing the risk of which cancer?

49. Question: Where in the respiratory tract do the majority of foreign objects aspirated by children finally lodge?

50. Question: What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia (IDA)?

51. Question: Which type of antibody is involved in type I hypersensitivity reaction?

52. Question: Which organ is stimulated during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

53. Question: Which cytokines initiate the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

54. Question: What is the major concern regarding the treatment of gonococci infections?

55. Question: What part of the kidney controls renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and renin secretion?

56. Question: Examination of the throat in a child demonstrating signs and symptoms of acute epiglottitis may contribute to which life-threatening complication?

57. Question: The function of the foramen ovale in a fetus allows what to occur?

58. Question: Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot to relieve hypoxic spells?

59. Question: Perceived stress elicits an emotional, anticipatory response that begins where?

60. Question: Which term is used to identify the movement of gas and air into and out of the lungs?

• Posted: 2 years ago

NR 507 Midterm Exam (Version 9 Solutions)

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NR 507 Week 2 Discussion:

PART No. 1:

A five-month-old Caucasian female is brought into the clinic as the parent complain that she has been having ongoing foul-smelling , greasy diarrhea. She seems to be small for her age and a bit sickly but, her parent’s state that she has a huge appetite. Upon examination you find that the patient is wheezing and you observe her coughing. 

· Write a differential diagnosis of at least three (3) disorders and explain why each might be a possibility and any potential weaknesses of each differential.

· Why is it that the later in age this disease manifest itself, the less severe the disease is?

· What tests would you run to clarify your differential and potentially come to a definitive diagnosis?

· If the same child was African in ancestry would this change your initial differential? Why or why not? 

PART No. 2:

Tammy is a 33-year-old who presents for evaluation of a cough. She reports that about 3 weeks ago she developed a “really bad cold” with rhinorrhea. The cold seemed to go away but then she developed a profound, deep, mucus-producing cough. Now, there is no rhinorrhea or rhinitis—the primary problem is the cough. She develops these coughing fits that are prolonged, very deep, and productive of a lot of green sputum. She hasn’t had any fever but does have a scratchy throat. Tammy has tried over-the-counter cough medicines but has not had much relief. The cough keeps her awake at night and sometimes gets so bad that she gags and dry heaves.

· Write a differential of at least three (3) possible diagnosis’s and explain how each may be a possible answer to the clinical presentation above. Remember, to list the differential in the order of most likely to less likely.

· Based upon what you have at the top of the differential how would you treat this patient?

· Suppose now, the patient has a fever of 100.4 and complains of foul smelling mucous and breath. Indeed, she complains of producing cups of mucous some days. She has some trouble breathing on moderate exertion but this is only a minor complaint to her. How does this change your differential and why? à Bronchiectasis p. 1256 can happen after an infection

PART No. 3:

A nursing student comes into your office because they are struggling with the concept of pulmonary function. They know you as an experienced FNP and so they are comfortable asking if you could clarify the terms residual volume (RV), functional reserve capacity (FRC), total lung capacity (TLC) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), and expiratory reserve volume (ERV).

1. Give her a definition of each?

2. List three (3) disorders that can alter the residual volume and explain how they do so?

NR 507 Week 2 Quiz (CH 3, 34-36 + 8 – 13 from week 1)

1. At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because the (Points : 2)

2. Physiologic pH is maintained around 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO3) and carbonic acid (H2CO3) exist in a ratio of (Points : 2)

3. When thirst is experienced, how are osmoreceptors activated? (Points : 2)

4. Chvostek sign and Trousseau sign indicate (Points : 2)

5. Which are indications of dehydration? (Points : 2)

6. In hyperkalemia, cardiac rhythm changes are a direct result of (Points : 2)

7. Water movement between the intracellular fluid compartment and the extracellular compartment is primarily a function of (Points : 2)

8. In tuberculosis, the body walls off the bacilli in a tubercle by stimulating (Points : 2)

9. Pulmonary edema usually begins at a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or left atrial pressure of _____ mm Hg. (Points : 2)

10. Which inflammatory mediators are produced in asthma? (Points : 2)

11. The most successful treatment for chronic asthma begins with (Points : 2)

12. Which pleural abnormality involves a site of pleural rupture that act as a one-way valve, permitting air to enter on inspiration but preventing its escape by closing during expiration? (Points : 2)

13. _____ is a fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury. (Points : 2)

14. In ARDS, alveoli and respiratory bronchioles fill with fluid as a result of the (Points : 2)

15. Clinical manifestations that include unexplained weight loss, dyspnea on exertion, use of accessory muscles, and tachypnea with prolonged expiration are indicative of (Points : 2)

16. Clinical manifestations of pulmonary hypertension include (Points : 2)

17. Dyspnea is not a result of (Points : 2)

18. High altitudes may produce hypoxemia through (Points : 2)

19. Chest wall compliance in infants is _____ in adults. (Points : 2)

20. What is the primary cause of RDS of the newborn? (Points : 2)

21. An accurate description of childhood asthma is that it is a(n) (Points : 2)

22. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a(n) (Points : 2)

23. Which of the following statements about the advances in the treatment of RDS of the newborn is incorrect? (Points : 2)

24. Which of the following types of croup is most common? (Points : 2)

25. Which immunoglobulin is present in childhood asthma? (Points : 2) 

• Posted: 2 years ago

NR 507 Week 2 Discussion (Parts 1, 2, 3) + Quiz Answers

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