Ethics is a branch of philosophy devoted to the study of morality. Ethics has a long history of theories about determining right from wrong and identifying the principles of living a good life. For this assessment, you will be asked to apply foundational principles in ethics, such as autonomy and justice, in a relevant health care setting.

Each profession within health care has its own code of ethical behavior designed to help individuals within that profession to make sound ethical choices in carrying out the tasks and practices particular to their professional role. It may be useful to locate one or more relevant codes of ethics for your current or desired career path. This research will be beneficial to your professional development, and you will have a chance to apply it to the Tonya’s Case: Ethics and Professional Codes assessment in this course.

Autonomy, Truth-Telling, and Confidentiality

These are broad-ranging topics, which, if taken alone, seem almost comically simple. Of course, rational people of legal age should be able to make decisions concerning themselves and their minor children. Of course, medical professionals should be honest with patients, and, of course, patients should be honest with members of their health care teams. Of course, one’s medical issues should be kept private. But rarely are things as simple as they seem. Take some time to scratch beneath the surface, and we encounter myriad ethical dilemmas.

Honesty tends to be a revered trait in many cultures. However, many people admit to lying occasionally, especially if the intent is to spare someone pain, embarrassment, or anguish. Is lying to someone because of love, concern, or reputation ever ethical?

Privacy and confidentiality are also important concepts. But are there limits? Can the greater good ever outweigh the rights of individuals?

And at what point can others, whether an individual or an entity such as a government body, ethically determine someone’s actions, fate, or choices? Fluoridated water, smoking regulations, compulsory K–12 education, and speed limits are only a few examples of how we, as a society, agree to limited personal freedoms because these things are good for us.

Demonstration of Proficiency

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course competencies through the following assessment scoring guide criteria:

• Competency 1: Articulate ethical issues in health care. 
  • Articulate the time-tested theories of ethics.
  • Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the time-tested theories of ethics.
• Competency 4: Explain the conceptual framework that health care leaders use to make ethical decisions. 
  • Identify the decision criteria of the time-tested theories of ethics.

Preparation

As you begin work on your Ethical Theories Matrix assessment, it may be helpful to review the suggested resources focused on moral and ethical considerations. For your own reference, you may want to briefly jot down your thoughts related to:

• An inventory of the basic principles of health care ethics. These principles are nonmaleficence, beneficence, utility, distributive justice, and autonomy.  
  • An explanation of each principle as well as your own example to illustrate the application of each.

Instructions

Drawing from the material covered in the resources as well as your own research, complete this assessment using the Ethical Theory Matrix Template [DOC].

• For each theory, first describe the decision criteria. The decision criteria are the instructions the theory gives for how to reach the morally correct choice in a situation that requires action.
• Then, provide your own example of how someone might act using the decision criteria of the theory.
• Finally, briefly describe the strengths and weaknesses of each theory using the last two columns of the Ethical Theory Matrix Template.

The suggested resources for this assessment could help you get a start on completing the matrix, but do not hesitate to use any outside resources that you can find online, the Capella library, or elsewhere.

This matrix is a tool you will use throughout the rest of the course. Submit your completed matrix as an attachment to this assessment.

Refer to the Matrix of Ethical Theories Scoring Guide for more information on how this assessment will be graded.

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ARNP disciplinary sanctions are added to the bill in s. 456.072, F.S., (Section 5) to mirror a physician’s sanctions for prescribing or dispensing a controlled substance other in the course of professional practice or failing to meet practice standards. Additional acts for which discipline may be taken against an ARNP relating to practicing with controlled substances that are added to the Nurse Practice Act (Section 10) include:

·Presigning blank prescription forms.

·Prescribing a Schedule II for office use.

·Prescribing, dispensing, or administering an amphetamine or sympathomimetic amine drug, except for specified conditions.

·Prescribing, dispensing, or administering certain hormones for muscle-building or athletic performance.

·Promoting or advertising a pharmacy on a prescription form unless the form also states that the prescription may be filled at the pharmacy of your choice.

·Prescribing, dispensing, or administering drugs, including controlled substances, other than in the course of his or her professional practice.

·Prescribing, dispensing, or administering a controlled substance to himself or herself.

·Prescribing, dispensing, or administering laetrile.

·Dispensing a controlled substance listed in Schedule II or Schedule III in violation of the requirements for dispensing practitioners in the Pharmacy Practice Act.

·Promoting or advertising controlled substances.

After reading the following news article http://c-hit.org/2015/04/06/high-prescribing-nurse-surrenders-drug-licenses/

Identify what issues may arise with prescriptive authority of controlled substances and how you may avoid these situations? 

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Identifying a Health Care-Related Problem and a Target Population
 

Take a few minutes to think about the most pressing health-promotion and disease-prevention issues, such as those identified in “Healthy People 2020” and the Institute of Medicine’s Future of Nursing. Which one most calls your attention? Maternal, infant, and child health? Health communication and health information technology? Immunization and infectious diseases?
 

This course provide a venue for addressing issues such as one of these through the design of a program and associated evaluation. In order to design an effective program though, it is critical to narrow the focus from one of these larger issues to a specific problem and a target population.
 

This Discussion provides a forum through which you and your colleagues may support each other in first selecting a health-promotion and disease-prevention issue of national significance, and then identifying a problem and a target population to guide your program planning and evaluation efforts in this course.
 

To prepare:

• Examine      the topics presented in “Healthy People 2020” and the Institute      of Medicine’s Future of Nursing. Select a health-promotion and      disease-prevention issue of national significance that has particular      resonance or appeal for you.
• Review      literature related to the issue you have selected and, specifically, the      problem and target population you may choose to focus on as you move      forward with program planning.
• Review      this week’s course text readings. What questions or concerns, if any, do      you have about how to identify a problem and a target population for      program planning and evaluation?

   

Note: For Application 1, you need to identify a health care–related problem and a target population to guide program planning as you move forward in the course. If you have not already done so, read the instructions for Application 1 (provided this week) as your work on this Discussion to guide your development of that assignment.
 

By tomorrow Tuesday 12/04/18 by 6pm, post a minimum of 550 words in APA format with at least 3 references from the list of the “Required Readings” below. Include the level one header as numbered below:

Post a cohesive scholarly response that addresses the following:

1) Share the national health-promotion and disease-prevention issue you have selected. Describe the problem and target population you will most likely choose for Application 1, as you have considered it thus far (See the list of topic areas below and select one).

2) Provide your evaluation of the impact of the problem on population health using citations from existing literature.

3) Pose any questions or concerns you have related to your problem and target population, your literature review, and/or other issues related to designing and evaluating programs. Ask your colleagues for support in addressing these questions or concerns.

Topic Areas (Select one to answer question 1 above [make sure to select the one that would be easy to research and develop as all the many upcoming assignment will be based on it. Choose carefully please]).

The Topic Areas of Healthy People 2020 identify and group objectives of related content, highlighting specific issues and

populations. Each Topic Area is assigned to one or more lead agencies within the federal government that is responsible

for developing, tracking, monitoring, and periodically reporting on objectives.

1. Access to Health Services

2. Adolescent Health

3. Arthritis, Osteoporosis, and Chronic Back

Conditions

4. Blood Disorders and Blood Safety

5. Cancer

6. Chronic Kidney Disease

7. Dementias, Including Alzheimer’s Disease

8. Diabetes

9. Disability and Health

10. Early and Middle Childhood

11. Educational and Community-Based Programs

12. Environmental Health

13. Family Planning

14. Food Safety

15. Genomics

16. Global Health

17. Healthcare-Associated Infections

18. Health Communication and Health Information

Technology

19. Health-Related Quality of Life and Well-Being

20. Hearing and Other Sensory or Communication

Disorders

21. Heart Disease and Stroke

22. HIV

23. Immunization and Infectious Diseases

24. Injury and Violence Prevention

25. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health

26. Maternal, Infant, and Child Health

27. Medical Product Safety

28. Mental Health and Mental Disorders

29. Nutrition and Weight Status

30. Occupational Safety and Health

31. Older Adults

32. Oral Health

33. Physical Activity

34. Preparedness

35. Public Health Infrastructure

36. Respiratory Diseases

37. Sexually Transmitted Diseases

38. Sleep Health

39. Social Determinants of Health

40. Substance Abuse

41. Tobacco Use

42. Vision

Required Readings

Hodges, B. C., & Videto, D. M. (2011). Assessment and planning in health programs (2nd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

• Chapter 2, “Paint a Picture of Your Target Population:      Assessing Assets and Problems” (See      attached file).

This chapter presents valuable information for identifying your target population during program planning. Note: Some of the information in this chapter extends into needs assessment, which will be addressed in Week 4.

Kettner, P. M., Moroney, R. M., & Martin, L. L. (2017). Designing and managing programs: An effectiveness-based approach (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

• Review Chapter 1, “Contemporary Issues in Social      Services Program Planning and Administration” (See attached file).
• Review Chapter 3, “Understanding Social Problems” (See attached file).

Review these chapters as needed to help you identify a health care-related problem for program planning and evaluation. For instance, you may find the problem analysis information on page 13 and pages 38–39 beneficial.

Adams, J. & Kaplow, R. (2013). A sitter reduction program in an acute health care system. Nursing Economics$, 31(2), 83–89.

Pinto, B.M., Waldemore, M., & Rosen, R. (2015). A community-based partnership to promote exercise among cancer survivors: Lessons learned. International Journal Behavioral Medicine, 22, 328–335 doi 10.1007/s12529-014-9395-5 

Tompa, E., deBoer, H., Macdonald, S., Alarngir, H., Koehoorn, M., & Guzman, J. (2016). Stakeholders’ perspectives about and priorities for economic evaluation of health and safety programs in healthcare. Workplace Health and Safety, 64(4), 163–174 DOI: 10.1177/2165079915620201.

Leading Health Indicators. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2017, from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/Leading-Health-Indicators 

National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2017, from http://www.pressganey.com/solutions/clinical-quality/nursing-quality 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2010). Healthy People 2020. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2017, from https://www.healthypeople.gov/sites/default/files/HP2020_brochure_with_LHI_508_FNL.pdf 

IOM Future of Nursing Report. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2017, from http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ThePracticeofProfessionalNursing/workforce/IOM-Future-of-Nursing-Report-1

Required Media

Laureate Education (Producer). (2011). Design and evaluation of programs and projects [Video file}. Baltimore, MD: Author.

• “Defining a      Population Health Problem” (featuring Dr. Melissa Willmarth, Dr. Debora Dole,      and Dr. Donna Shambley-Ebron)

You may view this course video by clicking the link or on the course DVD, which contains the same content. Once you’ve opened the link, click on the appropriate media piece.

In these videos, Dr. Melissa Willmarth, Dr. Debora Dole, and Dr. Donna Shambley-Ebron provide insights related to defining health care-related problems.

Optional Resources

Algera, M., Francke, A. L., Kerkstra, A., & Van der Zee, J. (2004). Integrative literature reviews and meta-analyses: Home care needs of patients with long-term conditions: Literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 46(4), 417–429.

This article compares literature in the field to determine a profile for people with long-term health care conditions who utilize home care services.

Madden, S. G., Loeb, S. J., & Smith, C. A. (2008). An integrative literature review of lifestyle interventions for the prevention of type II diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(17), 2243–2256.

This article is an example of an integrative literature review that identifies aspects of nursing programs aimed at prevention of type II diabetes, effectiveness of such programs, and compliance with lifestyle changes after such programs.

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